Ashtanga yoga yoga ne mai ƙarfi, amma sama da duk tsarin falsafa wanda Krishnamacharya, Sage da Yogi suka haɓaka bayan tafiya zuwa Himalayas a kusa da 1916. Tsawon shekaru bakwai ya koyi Ashtanga Yoga daga Jagora Sri Ramamohan Brahmachari. A cikin shekarun 1930 ya ba da wannan ilimin ga ɗaliban Indiya da Yammacin Turai da yawa. Daga cikin sanannun sanannun sune Sri K. Pattabhi Jois, BNS Iyengar, Indra Devi da ɗansa TKV Desikachar. Daga nan aka yi wannan aikin a Yammacin Turai bayan shekaru 30. Amma menene Ashtanga yoga, menene ainihin ƙa'idodi, fa'idodi, bambance -bambancen da yoga na gargajiya, tarihinta?

Kalmar Ashtanga ta fito ne daga kalmomin Sanskrit “ashtau” wanda ke nufin 8 da “anga” wanda ke nufin “membobi”. Gabobin 8 suna nufin ayyuka 8 masu mahimmanci a cikin yoga na Ashtanga wanda za mu haɓaka daga baya: ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, horo na kai, yanayin jiki, fasahar numfashi, ƙwarewar hankula, maida hankali, tunani da haskakawa.

Ashtanga yoga wani nau'i ne na Hatha yoga wanda a cikin yanayin yana tare da shimfiɗa don ba da ƙarfi, ƙarfi ga jiki; da ƙanƙancewa (Bandas) da nufin tara numfashi mai mahimmanci (prana) a cikin zurfin sassan kyallen jikin mutum ta hanyar daidaita motsi tare da numfashi (vinyasa). Bambancin Ashtanga ya ta'allaka ne akan gaskiyar cewa an haɗa hanyoyin haɗin gwargwadon jerin abubuwan da aka riga aka ƙaddara, kuma suna da wahalar cimmawa. Muddin ba a samu matsayi ba, mutum bai gane wanda ke bi ba. Wannan yana ba shi damar samun haƙuri.

Numfashi yana kara karfin jiki, wanda ke kara zafin jiki kuma yana taimakawa gurbata jiki. Aikin yana kawo natsuwa, kuzari da ƙarfin da ake buƙata don samun ta'aziyya ba tare da ɓacin rai ba, muddin ana aiwatar da shi cikin haƙuri, tawali'u da tausayi don nemo hanyar Hikima a can. Aikin yoga yana da niyyar buɗe tunani don yin tunani don haɓaka kwantar da hankalin hankalin mutum, amma kuma don sa mutum ya san ƙarfin ruhaniyarsa.

Ka'idodin Ashtanga yoga sun dogara ne akan gabobin takwas da Patanjali ya haɓaka a cikin tarinsa mai taken "Yoga-sutra", sun ƙunshi wani nau'in falsafar rayuwa wanda ya haɗa da:

Dokokin halayyar (yamas)

Yamas suna game da alaƙar mu da wasu da abubuwan waje. Akwai yamas 5 da yakamata mutum ya mutunta: kada ku cutar, ku kasance masu gaskiya, kar kuyi sata, ku kasance masu aminci ko masu ƙauracewa (brahmacharya) kuma kada ku kasance masu haɗama. Siffar farko ta yama ita ce ahimsa wanda ke nufin kada ku jawo wa kowane halitta ciwo, kada ku cutar, kada ku kashe ta kowace hanya kuma ba za ku taɓa yin hakan ba. Wanne ya haɗa da zama mai cin ganyayyaki, vegan ko vegan.

Horar da kai (niyamas)

Memba na biyu yana nufin ƙa'idodin da dole ne mutum yayi amfani da kansa. Niyamas sune: tsafta a ciki, tsafta a waje, gamsuwa, sanin nassosi masu tsarki. Na karshen na iya kai ga mika wuya ga Allah idan da gaske mutum yana cikin ruhaniya (sadhana) cike da alheri, ni'ima da tausayi.

Matsayin jiki (asanas)

Matsayi yana ba da damar ƙarfafa jiki, don sa ya zama mai sassauƙa da kawo kwanciyar hankali da amincewa da kai. Manufar ita ce ciyar da jiki da numfashi mai mahimmanci (prana) a cikin kowane hali, don kaiwa ga yanayin tunani na barin. Matsayi yana da mahimmanci a cikin Ashtanga yoga tunda suna ba da damar gyara rashin daidaituwa da daidaitawa don haɗa kan jiki da tunani, kamar yadda yake a cikin duk sauran ayyukan yoga.

La numfashi (pranayama)

Wannan ya haɗa da numfashi mai mahimmanci, tsawon lokaci a cikin sake zagayowar numfashi, ƙuntata numfashi, da faɗaɗawa ko shimfida numfashi. Yin pranayama yana taimakawa tsarkake tashoshi masu mahimmanci ga rayuwa a doron ƙasa da kawar da damuwa da guba ta jiki da ta hankali, A cikin aikin motsa jiki numfashi yana taimakawa haɓaka zafin jiki, wanda ke inganta kawar da gubobi. Wahayi da karewa dole ne su kasance tsawon lokaci ɗaya kuma ana yin ta ta hanci ta numfashin da ake kira ujjayi. A cikin Ashtanga yoga kuma a cikin dukkan ayyukan bayan gida, numfashi yana da matukar mahimmanci tunda yana da alaƙa da motsin rai.

Jagorar hankali (pratyahara)

Ikon sarrafa azanci ne wanda zai iya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na ciki, wannan yana yiwuwa ta hanyar jagorantar hankalin mutum akan yanayin numfashi. Neman nutsuwa da sarrafa tunaninsa ba tare da wani ko fiye daga cikin hankulanmu biyar sun shafe shi ba yana taimaka wa mutum ya ci gaba zuwa maida hankali har sai an toshe su. Mutumin ba ya mai da hankali ga abubuwa na waje domin ya mai da hankali kan kansa da abubuwan da ke cikinsa.

Mayar da hankali (dharana)

Hankalin mutum dole ne ya mai da hankali kan wani abu na waje, rawar jiki ko tsinkaye a cikin kansa.

Yin zuzzurfan tunani (dhyana)

Aikin maida hankali yana ba da damar yin aikin tunani, wanda ya ƙunshi dakatar da duk ayyukan tunani, inda babu tunani.

Hasken haske (samadhi)

Wannan matakin na ƙarshe shine haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kai (atman) da cikakken (brahman), a cikin falsafar Buddha ana kiranta nirvana, shine yanayin cikakken sani.

Ashtanga yoga yana ba ku damar:

• Rage gubobi: Yin aikin Ashtanga yoga yana haifar da ƙaruwa a cikin zafin jiki na ciki yana haifar da ƙaruwar gumi. Wannan yana ba da damar kawar da gubobi daga jiki.
• Ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa na jiki: yin amfani da bambance -bambancen yanayi mai ƙarfi yana haɓaka aiki mai kyau na gidajen abinci.
• Ƙara juriya da sassauci
• Rage nauyi: nazarin yara 14 masu shekaru 8 zuwa 15 a haɗarin kamuwa da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 ya nuna cewa Ashtanga yoga ya kasance abokin haɗin gwiwa don asarar nauyi.
• Rage damuwa da damuwa: Ayyukan tunani da numfashi suna da kyau don ingantaccen sarrafa damuwa gami da rage damuwa.
• Yana daidaita Doshas a Ayurveda.

A cikin Ashtanga yoga, mutane suna tsayawa cikin matsayi ɗaya na ɗan gajeren lokaci saboda kowane jigon yana da alaƙa da ƙayyadadden adadin numfashi (5 ko 8), wanda ke ba da damar saurin jerin matsayi da yawa. Don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin saka hannun jari kuma yana sa yoga ya zama mai ƙarfi fiye da yoga na gargajiya. Bugu da ƙari, dabarun numfashi na musamman ne kuma tsawon lokacin wahayi da ƙarewa yana da mahimmanci a cikin sauyin matsayi.

Asalin yoga na Ashtanga an ce ya fito ne daga wani tsohon rubutu mai taken "Yoga Korunta". Vamana Rish ce ta rubuta wannan rubutu tsakanin 500 zuwa 1500 BC kuma Sri Tirumalai Krishnamacharya ya sake gano shi a cikin ɗakin karatu na jami'a a Calcutta. Kwararre ne a tsohuwar Sanskrit, ya fahimci cewa wannan rubutun wani ɓangare ne na tsohuwar al'adar baka (tsakanin 3000 & 4000 BC), ya fara koya wa Pattabhi Jois a 1927 lokacin yana ɗan shekara 12. Patanjali yana tunanin Ashtanga Yoga a cikin Yoga Sutra wanda ya ƙunshi aƙalla 195 Aphorisms tun daga ƙarni na biyu BC ko shekaru 2 bayan haka.

A cikin littafin II da III na Yogas Sutras, an bayyana dabarun Ashtanga, waɗannan suna da alaƙa da ayyukan yogic zalla kuma suna da niyyar haifar da tashin hankali: tsarkakewa, halayen jiki, dabarun numfashi. Patanjali ya sanya ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi a kan aikin bayan gida, hakika, waɗannan dole ne Masters ko Guru su watsa su ba ta muryoyin bayanai ba. Hakanan yakamata su samar da kwanciyar hankali da rage ƙoƙarin jiki don gujewa gajiya da tashin hankali a wasu sassan jiki. Suna daidaita hanyoyin ilimin halittu don ba da damar mai da hankali ga ɓangaren ruwa na sani. Da farko, yanayin zai iya zama kamar ba shi da daɗi, ko da ba za a iya jurewa ba. Amma tare da ƙarfin hali, daidaituwa da haƙuri ƙoƙarin yana ƙanƙantawa har sai ya ɓace: wannan yana da mahimmancin gaske saboda yanayin tunani dole ne ya zama na halitta don sauƙaƙe maida hankali.

Babu ainihin abubuwan da suka samo asali daga Ashtanga tunda Ashtanga, wanda aka sani yau a cikin yanayin jiki da na bayan gida, shi kansa ya samo asali ne daga Hatha yoga, kamar Vinyasa yoga ko Iyengar yoga. A yau, akwai makarantu daban -daban da ke tsara yoga amma ba za mu taɓa mantawa da cewa yoga ya fi falsafa duka ba, kuma jiki kayan aiki ne wanda ke ba mu damar yin aiki da mu da kuma kewaye da mu.

Wannan nau'in yoga galibi an yi niyya ne ga mutanen da ke son kula da yanayin jikinsu da fitar da kuzarinsu mara kyau, don samun mafi inganci. Bugu da ƙari, yana da fifiko cewa mutum ya himmatu tun lokacin da Ashtanga yoga ke ɗaukar duk sha'awar sa idan ana yin ta cikin dogon lokaci.