A cikin 2012, Farfesa Oliver Scott Curry ya zama mai sha'awar ma'anar halin kirki. A wani lokaci, a cikin ajin nazarin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Oxford, ya gayyaci ɗalibansa don tattauna yadda suke fahimtar ɗabi'a, ko na asali ne ko kuma aka samu. An raba rukuni: wasu sun gamsu da cewa ɗabi'a ɗaya ce ga kowa; wasu - cewa halin kirki ya bambanta ga kowa da kowa.
"Na gane cewa, a fili, ya zuwa yanzu mutane ba su iya amsa wannan tambayar ba, don haka na yanke shawarar yin nawa bincike," in ji Curry.
Shekaru bakwai bayan haka, Curry, wanda yanzu babban jami'i ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Koyarwa da Juyin Halitta ta Oxford, na iya ba da amsa ga tambaya mai rikitarwa da rashin fahimta game da menene ɗabi'a da yadda ta bambanta (ko a'a) a sassa daban-daban na duniya. .
A cikin wata talifi da aka buga kwanan nan a cikin Current Anthropology, Curry ya rubuta: “Dabi’a ita ce tushen haɗin kai na ’yan Adam. Dukan mutane a cikin al'ummar ɗan adam suna fuskantar irin wannan matsalolin zamantakewa kuma suna amfani da irin wannan tsari na ɗabi'a don magance su. Kowa, a ko'ina, yana da ka'idojin ɗabi'a guda ɗaya. Kowa ya goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa hadin kai don amfanin jama'a abu ne da ya kamata a yi kokarinsa."
A yayin binciken, ƙungiyar Curry ta yi nazarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ɗabi'u a cikin fiye da 600 kafofin daga al'ummomi 60 daban-daban, sakamakon haka sun sami damar gano waɗannan ƙa'idodi na ɗabi'a na duniya:
Taimaka wa dangin ku
Taimaka wa al'ummar ku
Amsa da sabis don sabis
・Yi karfin hali
· Girmama dattawa
Raba tare da wasu
Mutunta dukiyar mutane
Masu binciken sun gano cewa a cikin al'adu, waɗannan dabi'un zamantakewa guda bakwai an dauke su da kyau 99,9% na lokaci. Koyaya, Curry ya lura cewa mutane a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban suna ba da fifiko daban-daban, kodayake a mafi yawan lokuta ana tallafawa duk ƙimar ɗabi'a ta hanya ɗaya ko wata.
Amma akwai kuma wasu lokuta na tashi daga al'ada. Alal misali, a cikin Chuukes, wata babbar ƙabila a Tarayyar Tarayya ta Micronesia, “al’ada ce a yi sata a fili don a nuna ikon mutum kuma ba ya tsoron ikon wasu.” Masu binciken da suka yi nazarin wannan rukunin sun kammala cewa ƙa’idodin ɗabi’a guda bakwai na duniya sun shafi wannan hali kuma: “Da alama yana faruwa ne sa’ad da wani nau’i na haɗin kai (kasancewar jajircewa, ko da yake ba nuni ba ne na gaba gaɗi) ya rinjaye wani (girmamawa). dukiya)," sun rubuta.
Yawancin karatu sun riga sun kalli wasu ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a a cikin ƙungiyoyi na musamman, amma babu wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin nazarin ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a a cikin irin wannan babban samfurin al'umma. Kuma lokacin da Curry ya yi ƙoƙarin samun kuɗi, an kori ra'ayinsa akai-akai a matsayin ma bayyane ko kuma ba zai yiwu a iya tabbatarwa ba.
Ko ɗabi'a ta duniya ce ko dangi an yi ta muhawara tun shekaru aru-aru. A ƙarni na 17, John Locke ya rubuta: “… a fili ba mu da ƙa’idar ɗabi’a, ƙa’idar nagarta, wadda za ta bi kuma al’ummar ’yan Adam ba za su yi watsi da ita ba.”
Masanin falsafa David Hume bai yarda ba. Ya rubuta cewa hukunce-hukuncen ɗabi’a sun fito ne daga “jini na zahiri wanda yanayi ya sanya duniya ga dukan ’yan Adam”, kuma ya lura cewa al’ummar ’yan Adam suna da sha’awar gaskiya, adalci, ƙarfin hali, daidaitawa, dawwama, abota, tausayi, ƙauna da aminci.
Da yake sukar labarin Curry, Paul Bloom, farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da kuma kimiyyar fahimi a Jami'ar Yale, ya ce mun yi nisa da ra'ayi kan ma'anar ɗabi'a. Shin game da adalci da adalci ne, ko kuwa game da "inganta jin daɗin masu rai"? Game da mutanen da ke hulɗa don riba na dogon lokaci, ko game da altruism?
Bloom ya kuma ce marubutan binciken sun yi kadan don bayyana yadda ainihin mu ke zuwa don yin hukunce-hukuncen ɗabi'a da irin rawar da tunaninmu, motsin zuciyarmu, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, da sauransu suke takawa wajen tsara ra'ayoyinmu game da ɗabi'a. Ko da yake talifin ya ba da hujjar cewa shari’ar ɗabi’a na duniya ne domin “tarin ilhami, dabaru, ƙirƙira, da cibiyoyi,” marubutan “ba su fayyace abin da ke cikin jiki ba, abin da aka koya ta wurin gwaninta, da kuma abin da ake samu daga zaɓi na mutum.”
Don haka watakila ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a guda bakwai na duniya ba za su zama takamaiman jeri ba. Amma, kamar yadda Curry ya ce, maimakon mu raba duniya zuwa “mu da su” da kuma gaskata cewa mutane daga sassa daban-daban na duniya ba su da wani abu guda ɗaya, yana da kyau mu tuna cewa duk da haka muna da haɗin kai da ɗabi’a iri ɗaya.