Kuna iya kallon bidiyon motsin rai akan YouTube daga haihuwar Louise Brown, wanda aka haifa a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1978 a Asibitin Oldham. Lokacin farko na rayuwarta sun kasance kamar kowane jariri: an wanke yarinyar, an auna kuma an bincika. Haihuwar sashen Caesarean, duk da haka, Louise ya kasance abin jin daɗin kimiyya - ɗan fari da aka haifa ta hanyar IVF.
- Shekaru 40 da suka gabata, an haifi ɗa na farko da aka haifa IVF
- A wancan zamanin, ana ɗaukar hadi a cikin vitro a matsayin hanya mai rikitarwa. Bayan haka, an girbe oocytes ta hanyar laparoscopy a ƙarƙashin maganin sa barci. Bayan an gama aikin, sai matar ta zauna a asibiti na wasu kwanaki kuma ta kasance karkashin kulawar likitoci akai-akai
- A cewar kwararru, a cikin shekaru 20 daga 50 zuwa 60 bisa dari. yara za a yi ciki godiya ga hanyar IVF
Yanzu shekaru 40 ke nan tun da aka haifi Louise. Hakan ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1977, bayan shekaru da dama na bincike da prof. Robert Edwards da Dr. Patrick Steptoe, majagaba na wata dabarar da ta bai wa miliyoyin ma'aurata a faɗin duniya dama ga zuriya.
Tsarin hadi a cikin vitro, a cikin sauki, ya kunshi cire kwai daga bututun fallopian na mace, a sanya mata takin maniyyi a dakin gwaje-gwaje da dasa kwai da aka haifa - amfrayo - a koma cikin mahaifa don ci gaba. A yau, wannan hanyar maganin rashin haihuwa ba abu ne mai ban sha'awa ba kuma ana amfani dashi sosai - godiya ga shi, an haifi fiye da yara miliyan biyar a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka wuce. Da farko dai, hadi a cikin vitro ya haifar da cece-kuce.
Farfesa Edwards da Dr. Steptoe don nemo hanyar hadi na kwan mutum a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, a waje da tsarin haihuwa na mace, da kuma kawo amfrayo zuwa matakin blastocyst. A shekarar 1968, lokacin da Prof. Edwards ya cimma burinsa - don lashe kyautar Nobel a shekara ta 2010 - ilimin mahaifa wani fanni ne na kimiyya wanda bai tada fata sosai ba.
Sai bayan shekaru tara ne mahaifiyar Louise, Lesley Brown, ta zama mace ta farko da ta samu juna biyu a duniya, sakamakon wata hanyar da wasu masana kimiyyar Birtaniya biyu suka yi na samar da takin in vitro. A cikin 1980 - shekaru biyu bayan an haifi Louise - prof. Edwards da Dr. Steptoe sun bude asibitin Bourn Hall a karamin garin Cambridgeshire, asibitin haihuwa na farko a duniya. Godiya ga ta, an haifi dubban jarirai-tube.
Ci gaban wannan fanni na kimiyya shine, ta wata hanya, 'ya'yan itacen juyin juya halin jima'i a Burtaniya a cikin 60s - Bayan 60s, yawancin mata suna da "memento" na tubes na fallopian lalacewa ta hanyar jima'i da cututtuka irin su chlamydia - in ji Dokta Mike Macnamee, darektan asibitin Bourn Hall na yanzu, wanda ya yi aiki tare da Stepto da Edwards tun daga farkon aikinsa. – A wancan zamanin, kashi 80 cikin dari. na majinyatan mu sun lalace tubes na fallopian, idan aka kwatanta a yau wannan matsalar ita ce kashi 20-30. mata marasa lafiya.
Shekaru hudu da suka wuce, IVF ta kasance hanya mai tsanani da rikitarwa. An tattara oocytes ta hanyar amfani da hanyar laparoscopic a ƙarƙashin maganin sa barci na gabaɗaya - mace ta kasance a cikin asibiti na tsawon kwanaki hudu ko biyar. A duk tsawon zaman da aka yi a asibiti, likitoci sun lura da matakin hormones na majiyyaci, saboda wannan dalili, ana tattara fitsarinta awanni 24 a rana. Asibitin yana da gadaje 30, waɗanda koyaushe suna cike - na dogon lokaci shi ne kawai wurin da ke ba da magani na IVF a duniya. Ma'aikatan sun yi aiki dare da rana.
Sai a ƙarshen 80s aka samar da hanyar kwantar da hankali ta hanyar duban dan tayi wanda ya ba mace damar komawa gida a wannan rana. Da farko, adadin haihuwa a asibitin Bourn Hall ya yi ƙasa sosai, a kusan kashi 15%. – Idan aka kwatanta, a yau matsakaicin ƙasa ya kai kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari.
– Mu ba kawai a kan gaba na duniya na kimiyya, amma kuma majagaba a vitro daga da'a gefen. Mun samu karbuwar wannan hanyar, in ji Dokta Macnamee. - Bob da Patrick sun nuna juriya mai ban mamaki a cikin waɗannan lokutan wahala. Manyan wadanda suka samu lambar yabo ta Nobel sun zarge su da kisan gilla, yayin da kwararrun likitoci da na kimiyya suka nisanta kansu daga gare su, wanda ya yi matukar wahala a gare su.
Haihuwar Louise Brown ya tayar da fargabar cewa masana kimiyya ke haifar da "'ya'yan Frankenstein." Shugabannin addinai sun yi gargadi game da tsoma baki cikin tsarin samar da rayuwa ta hanyar wucin gadi. Bayan an haifi ’yarsu, dangin Brown sun cika da wasiƙu na barazana. Sai a farkon shekarun 90s ne yanayin jama'a ya fara canzawa.
"Aikinmu a Bourn Hall shine ilmantarwa da samar da sha'awa," in ji Dokta Macnamee. – Mun kasance kullum bude da kuma gaskiya.
Abin takaici, tare da irin wannan ƙarancin nasara ga ma'aurata da yawa, maganin ya ƙare cikin rashin jin daɗi. Amma akwai kuma wadanda taurin kai ba su yi kasa a gwiwa ba. Ɗaya daga cikin majinyatan asibitin ya yi ƙoƙari 17 kafin ta haifi ɗa.
"Sha'awar samun jariri yana da girma sosai, musamman ma lokacin da ba za ku iya yin ciki ba, cewa mutane a shirye suke su yi sadaukarwa da yawa," in ji Dokta Macnamee. – Hakki ne a kanmu mu bayyana abubuwan da ma’aurata suke bukata kafin su fara jinya.
Hakika, ba koyaushe ba ne mai sauƙi a yi. "Ba a ba da shawarar ma'aurata cewa IVF za ta gaza ba," in ji Susan Seenan, darektan Cibiyar Haihuwa ta Burtaniya. - Amma kowa yana da damar yin amfani da kididdigar.
Ba duka sun cancanci magani ba. Dangane da shawarwarin 2013 na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NICE) a Ingila da Wales, matan da ke ƙasa da shekaru 40 suna da haƙƙin sake zagayowar IVF sau uku a cikin kuɗin Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasa, muddin sun yi ƙoƙari ba su yi nasara ba har tsawon shekaru biyu, ko 12. yunƙurin yin noman roba ya ci tura. Mata masu shekaru 40 zuwa 42 suna da haƙƙin sake zagayowar kuɗi ɗaya. Koyaya, yanke shawara na ƙarshe game da wanda ya cancanci IVF kyauta a cikin wani yanki da aka bayar ana yin shi ta hanyar kwamitocin kwangila na sabis na likitanci, waɗanda ba koyaushe suna ba da yawan hawan keke kamar yadda NICE ta ba da shawarar ba.
Don haka, ga ma'auratan Biritaniya da ke neman yaro, cancantar wannan hanya shine cacar adireshi. – Haka kuma ya faru cewa ma’aurata biyu da ke zaune a kan titi daya amma aka ba wa GPs daban-daban suna da ‘yancin samun nau’i daban-daban na zagayowar IVF kyauta, saboda likitocin su na karkashin kwamitoci daban-daban – in ji Seenan. – A halin yanzu, kwamitoci bakwai ba sa mayar da kuɗaɗen da aka yi na in vitro kwata-kwata.
Tare da daya cikin shida ma'aurata suna samun matsala wajen daukar ciki a Burtaniya, masana'antar kula da haihuwa tana haɓaka. Masana sun kiyasta cewa a halin yanzu yana da darajar £ 600m (zaton daya biya na sake zagayowar IVF yana kashe £ XNUMX zuwa £ XNUMX).
"Mata da yawa sun kasa yin ciki bayan sake zagayowar IVF," in ji Seenan. - A karo na biyu, da alama yana da yawa, amma wasu suna yin ciki bayan zagaye na hudu, na biyar, ko ma na shida. Ƙananan mace, mafi girma damar samun nasara.
Ko da kuwa shekaru - a cewar Seenan, tatsuniya ce cewa yawancin marasa lafiya mata ne da suka jinkirta haihuwa na dogon lokaci kuma a yanzu, saboda tsufa, ba su iya yin ciki ta dabi'a - IVF tsari ne mai rikitarwa. Da farko, yana buƙatar lokaci da ziyara da yawa zuwa ga ƙwararren. Dole ne mace ta sha magunguna daban-daban, ciki har da. tabbatar da matakin hormones.
Seenan ya ce: “Magungunan ƙwayoyi na iya kawo ku cikin yanayin da ke kama da al’ada, kuma mata da yawa ba sa shan shi da kyau,” in ji Seenan. Har ila yau, ana ba marasa lafiya magungunan da ke motsa aikin ovaries - an ba su a cikin nau'i na allura. A wannan mataki, ya kamata a kula da yanayin ovaries akai-akai don kada su wuce gona da iri.
A lokacin jiyya na miyagun ƙwayoyi, mata suna jin gajiya, kumbura kuma suna da canjin yanayi. Ga wasu, duk da haka, abu mafi wahala shine jira na makonni biyu don dasa amfrayo da ganewar ciki.
Don haka ne masana kimiyya a cibiyoyin bincike a duniya ke ci gaba da kokarin inganta hanyar hadi in vitro. Kwanan nan ne aka kafa wani sabon dakin gwaje-gwaje a dakin gwaje-gwaje a Bourn Hall, domin gudanar da bincike kan dalilin da ya sa wasu ƙwai ba sa girma da kyau, abin da ke haifar da zubar da ciki da rashin haihuwa a tsakanin manyan mata. Ita ce dakin gwaje-gwaje na farko a Turai da ke da na'urar hangen nesa na zamani wanda ke ba da damar lura da haɓakar ƙwayoyin kwai.
Dokta Macnamee ya yi hasashen cewa a cikin shekaru 20 yawan haihuwa zai kasance tsakanin kashi 50 zuwa 60 cikin dari. A ra'ayinsa, kila masana kimiyya za su iya gyara abubuwan da ba su dace ba a cikin embryos. Ra'ayin jama'a zai sake komawa kan ci gaban kimiyya.
Dr Macnamee ya kara da cewa "Ya kamata a yi muhawara mai tsanani kan yadda za mu iya tafiya."