10 almara sarakuna na tsakiya

Ko me wani ya ce, manyan mutane ne suka kafa tarihi. Kuma tsawon lokaci na wanzuwar ɗan adam (tare da duk ƙaura na al'umma, yaƙe-yaƙe na yankuna da mulki, tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, juyin juya hali, da dai sauransu), kowace jiha a halin yanzu ta san fitattun mutane.

Tabbas, a zamaninmu, mutanen da suke “sa duniya ta zama wuri mafi kyau” ana mutunta su sosai: masana kimiyya daban-daban na fannonin “zaman lafiya”, masu kare muhalli, masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi, masu ba da taimako, ’yan siyasa masu zaman lafiya, da dai sauransu.

Amma da zarar an dauki mutanen da aka fi girmamawa a matsayin manyan mayaka - sarakuna, shugabanni, sarakuna, sarakuna - masu iya ba kawai kare mutanensu ba, har ma da samun sababbin ƙasashe da abubuwan amfani daban-daban a gare su a yakin.

Sunayen sarakunan da suka fi shahara a tsakiyar zamanai a tsawon lokaci sun zama "mafi girma" tare da almara wanda a zamanin yau dole ne masana tarihi su yi ƙoƙari sosai don raba mutumin da ba a sani ba daga mutumin da ya wanzu a gaskiya.

Ga kadan daga cikin wadannan fitattun jarumai:

10 Ragnar Lodbrok | ? - 865

Ee, masoyi magoya bayan jerin Vikings: Ragnar mutum ne na gaske. Ba wai kawai, shi ne na kasa gwarzo na Scandinavia (akwai ko da wani jami'in biki a nan - Ragnar Lothbrok Day, bikin a kan Maris 28) da kuma ainihin alama ce ta ƙarfin hali da ƙarfin hali na kakannin Viking.

Daga cikin sarakunan mu "goma" Ragnar Lothbrok shine mafi "mythical". Alas, yawancin abubuwan da suka faru game da rayuwarsa, yakin da hare-haren tsoro an san su ne kawai daga sagas: bayan haka, Ragnar ya rayu a cikin karni na 9, a lokacin da mazauna Scandinavia ba su riga sun rubuta ayyukan jarls da sarakunansu ba.

Ragnar Leatherpants (don haka, bisa ga sigar ɗaya, an fassara sunan laƙabinsa) ɗan sarkin Danish Sigurd Ring ne. Ya zama jarl mai tasiri a cikin 845, kuma ya fara kai hare-harensa a kan kasashe makwabta tun da farko (daga kimanin 835 zuwa 865).

Ya lalatar da Paris (kimanin 845), kuma hakika ya mutu a cikin ramin macizai (a cikin 865), wanda Sarki Ella II ya kama lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin kama Northumbria. Kuma a, dansa, Bjorn Ironside, ya zama sarkin Sweden.

9. Matthias I Hunyadi (Mattyash Korvin) | 1443-1490

Akwai dogon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Matthias I Corvinus a cikin fasahar jama'ar Hungary, a matsayin sarki mafi adalci, "maƙarƙashiyar ƙarshe" na Turai na da, da dai sauransu.

Ta yaya ya samu irin wannan halin na ɗumbin ɗabi'a ga kansa? Haka ne, da farko dai, ta hanyar cewa a ƙarƙashinsa ne mulkin mallaka na Hungary ya tsira daga ƙarshe (kuma mai karfi) ya tashi bayan shekaru da yawa na hargitsi da "squabbling" na gida feudal sarakunan mulki.

Matthias Hunyadi ba wai kawai ya mayar da wani yanki na tsakiya a Hungary (ba da izinin haihuwa, amma masu basira da basira don gudanar da tsarin gudanarwa), ya tabbatar da lafiyar danginsa daga Turkawa Ottoman, ya haifar da sojojin haya na ci gaba (inda kowane soja na 4th yana dauke da makamai). arquebus) , ya shigar da wasu kasashe makwabta zuwa kayansa, da sauransu.

Sarki mai wayewa ya yarda da ra'ayin masana kimiyya da fasaha, kuma sanannen ɗakin karatu shi ne mafi girma a Turai bayan Vatican. Oh iya! Tufafin hannunta na nuna hankaka (corvinus ko korvin).

8. Robert Bruce | 1274-1329

Har ma da mu da ke da nisa daga tarihin Burtaniya, wataƙila mun ji sunan Robert the Bruce - gwarzon ƙasar Scotland da sarkinta tun 1306. Abu na farko da ya zo a hankali shi ne fim ɗin Mel Gibson na “Braveheart” ( 1995) tare da shi a matsayin William Wallace - jagoran Scots a yakin neman 'yancin kai daga Ingila.

Kamar yadda za a iya sauƙin fahimta ko da daga wannan fim (wanda, ba shakka, tarihin tarihi ba a girmama shi da yawa), Robert da Bruce ya kasance wani hali mara kyau. Duk da haka, kamar sauran masu tarihi na wancan lokacin ... Ya ci amanar Birtaniyya sau da yawa (ko dai ya yi rantsuwa da mubaya'a ga sarkin Ingila na gaba, sa'an nan kuma ya sake shiga tawaye a kansa), da Scots (da kyau, yi tunani kawai, abin da za a ɗauka. kuma ya kashe abokin hamayyarsa na siyasa John Comyn daidai a coci, amma bayan haka Bruce ya zama shugaban masu adawa da turanci, sannan kuma sarkin Scotland).

Amma duk da haka, bayan nasara a yakin Bannockburn, wanda ya tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Scotland, Robert the Bruce, ba tare da shakka ba, ya zama jarumi.

7. Bohemond of Tarentum | 1054-1111

Har yanzu ana jin lokutan yakin sabiyya a cikin tatsuniyoyi na Turai da sunayen jaruman jarumtakar 'yan Salibiyya. Kuma ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Norman Bohemond na Taranto, yarima na farko na Antakiya, mafi kyawun kwamandan Crusade na farko.

A haƙiƙa, Bohemond ya sami mulkin ta ba ta wata hanya ta bangaskiyar Kirista mai aminci da damuwa ga ƴan'uwa masu bi marasa galihu waɗanda Saracens suka zalunta - ya kasance ɗan kasada na gaske, kuma mai tsananin buri.

Karfin mulki, shahara da riba ne suka jawo shi. Wani ɗan ƙaramin mallaka a Italiya kwata-kwata bai gamsar da buri na jarumi jarumi da ƙwararren ƙwararren masani ba, don haka ya yanke shawarar mamaye yankin gabas don kafa ƙasarsa.

Kuma don haka Bohemond na Tarentum, da ya shiga yakin crusad, ya ci Antakiya daga Musulmai, ya kafa Masarautar Antakiya a nan kuma ya zama mai mulkinta (ya yi jayayya da mutuwa a kan wannan tare da wani kwamandan 'yan Salibiyya, Raymond na Toulouse, wanda kuma ya yi da'awar Antakiya). Alas, a ƙarshe, Bohemond ya kasa ci gaba da sayan sa…

6. Saladin (Salah ad-Din) | 1138-1193

Wani jarumin yakin Salibiyya (amma tuni ya kasance a bangaren abokan adawar Saracen) - Sarkin Musulmin Masar da Sham, babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi da ke adawa da 'yan Salibiyya - ya sami girmamawa sosai har ma a tsakanin makiyansa na Kirista saboda kaifin hankalinsa, jaruntakarsa. da karamci ga makiya.

Hasali ma cikakken sunansa kamar haka: Al-Malik an-Nasir Salah ad-Duniya wa-d-Din Abul-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn Ayyub. Tabbas, babu wani Bature da zai iya furta ta. Don haka, a al'adar Turawa, maƙiyi maɗaukaki ana kiransa Saladin ko Salahad-Din.

A lokacin Crusade na uku, Saladin ne ya ba da "bakin ciki" musamman ga mayakan Kirista, inda suka ci nasara da sojojinsu gaba daya a 1187 a yakin Hattin (kuma a lokaci guda ya kama kusan dukkanin shugabannin 'yan Salibiyya - daga Babban Jagora). na Templars Gerard de Ridefort ga Sarkin Kudus Guy de Lusignan), sannan kuma ya kwato musu mafi yawan kasashen da 'yan Salibiyya suka yi nasarar zama: kusan dukkanin Falasdinu, Acre har ma da Kudus. Af, Richard the Lionheart ya yaba wa Saladin kuma ya dauke shi amininsa.

5. Harald I Mai Gashi | 850-933

Wani ɗan arewa mai ban mamaki (kuma muna tunawa da "Vikings" - bayan haka, ɗa, kuma ba ɗan'uwan Halfdan Black) ya shahara saboda gaskiyar cewa a ƙarƙashinsa ne Norway ta zama Norway.

Bayan da ya zama sarki yana dan shekara 10, Harald, yana da shekaru 22, ya hada mafi yawan dukiya na manya da kanana da gandun daji a karkashin mulkinsa ( jerin nasarorin da ya samu sun kai ga babban yakin Hafrsfjord a 872). sannan kuma ya gabatar da haraji na dindindin a cikin ƙasar kuma suka sake shiga cikin ɓangarorin da aka ci nasara da su waɗanda suka gudu daga ƙasar, suka zauna a tsibirin Shetland da Orkney kuma daga nan suka mamaye ƙasashen Harald.

Kasancewar mutum mai shekaru 80 (don wannan lokacin wannan rikodin ne wanda ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba!) Harald ya tura mulki ga ɗansa ƙaunataccen Eirik the Bloody Ax - zuriyarsa masu ɗaukaka sun mallaki ƙasar har zuwa karni na XIV.

Af, daga ina ne irin wannan laƙabi mai ban sha'awa - Fair-Haired ya fito? A cewar labari, Harald a farkon kuruciyarsa ya yi wa wata yarinya mai suna Gyuda. Amma ta ce za ta aure shi ne kawai lokacin da ya zama sarkin Norway. To to - don haka ya kasance!

Harald ya zama sarki a kan sarakuna, kuma a lokaci guda bai yi aski ba kuma bai tashe gashin kansa ba tsawon shekaru 9 (kuma ana yi masa lakabi da Harald the Shaggy). Amma bayan yakin Hafrsfjord, a karshe ya tsara gashin kansa (sun ce yana da kyakkyawan gashi mai kauri), ya zama mai Gashi.

4. William I Mai Nasara | KO. 1027/1028 - 1087

Kuma mun sake komawa cikin jerin Vikings: shin kun san cewa Guillaume Bastard - Sarkin Ingila na gaba William I the Conqueror - ya kasance zuriyar Duke na Normandy Rollo (ko Rollon) na farko?

A'a, a gaskiya ma, Rollo (ko kuma wajen, ainihin shugaban Vikings Hrolf mai tafiya a ƙasa - an yi masa lakabi saboda yana da girma da nauyi, saboda wanda babu wani doki ɗaya da zai iya ɗaukar shi) ba ɗan'uwan Ragnar Lothbrok ba ne. duk .

Amma da gaske ya kama mafi yawan Normandy a ƙarshen XNUMXth - farkon karni na XNUMX kuma ya zama mai mulkinsa (kuma a zahiri ya auri Gimbiya Gisela, 'yar Charles III the Simple).

Bari mu koma Wilhelm: shi ne shege dan Duke na Normandy Robert I, amma duk da haka, yana da shekaru 8, ya gaji sunan mahaifinsa, sa'an nan ya iya zama a kan karaga.

Mutumin tun yana ƙarami yana da babban buri - a Normandy ya ɗan daɗe. Kuma sai William ya yanke shawarar samun sarautar Ingila, musamman ma da yake rikicin daular ta fara kunno kai a Ingila: Edward the Confessor ba shi da magaji, kuma tun da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance (na yi sa'a!) Babban inna William, yana iya da'awar sarautar Ingila cikin sauƙi. Kaico, hanyoyin diflomasiyya sun kasa cimma burin…

Dole ne in yi amfani da karfin soja. An san ƙarin abubuwan da suka faru ga kowa: sabon sarkin Ingila, Harold, ya sha wahala mai tsanani daga sojojin William a yakin Hastings a 1066, kuma a cikin 1072, Scotland kuma ta mika wuya ga William the Conqueror.

3. Frederick I Barbarossa | 1122-1190

Frederick I na Hohenstaufen, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Barbarossa (Redbeard), yana daya daga cikin shahararrun sarakunan tsakiyar zamanai. A tsawon rayuwarsa, ya sami shaharar mai hikima, adali (kuma mai kwarjini) mai mulki kuma babban jarumi.

Ya kasance mai ƙarfi sosai a jiki, yana bin ƙa'idodin knightly - bayan Barbarossa ya zama sarkin Daular Roman Mai Tsarki a cikin 1155, 'yan wasan Jamus sun sami furen da ba a taɓa gani ba (kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne aka ƙirƙiri mafi ƙarfi a Turai daga manyan makamai). mahaya).

Barbarossa ya nemi farfado da tsohuwar daukakar daular zamanin Charlemagne, kuma saboda wannan dole ne ya tafi yaki sau 5 da Italiya don ya mallaki garuruwanta da suka zama masu jajircewa. Hasali ma, ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a yakin neman zabe.

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 25, Frederick ya shiga yakin Crusade na biyu. Kuma a lokacin da Saladin ya ci nasara da duk manyan abubuwan da 'yan Salibiyya suka samu a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Friedrich Hohenstaufen, ba shakka, ya tattara wata babbar (bisa ga tushe - 100 dubu!) Sojoji kuma ya tafi tare da shi zuwa Crusade na uku.

Kuma ba a san yadda al’amura za su kasance ba, da a lokacin da ya ke tsallaka kogin Selif a Turkiyya, bai fado daga kan dokinsa ya shake ba, ya kasa fita daga cikin ruwan da manyan sulke. Barbarossa a lokacin ya riga ya kasance shekaru 68 (shekaru mai daraja!).

2. Richard I the Lionheart | 1157-1199

Hakika, ba sarki na gaske ba ne kamar almara! Dukanmu mun san Richard the Lionheart daga littattafai da fina-finai (farawa da littafin Walter Scott na "Ivanhoe" kuma ya ƙare da fim ɗin 2010 "Robin Hood" tare da Russell Crowe).

A gaskiya, Richard ba ko kaɗan ba ne “maƙarƙashiya marar tsoro da zargi.” Haka ne, yana da ɗaukakar mayaƙi mai kyau, mai sauƙi ga haɗari masu haɗari, amma a lokaci guda ya bambanta da yaudara da zalunci; Kyakykyawa ne (dogayen fari da shuɗiyar idanu), amma fasiƙanci ne ga bargon ƙasusuwansa. ya san harsuna da yawa, amma ba Ingilishi na asali ba, domin kusan bai taba zuwa Ingila ba.

Ya ci amanar abokansa (har ma da mahaifinsa) fiye da sau ɗaya, yana samun wani laƙabi - Richard Ee-da-A'a - saboda yana da sauƙin karkata zuwa kowane bangare.

A duk tsawon mulkinsa a Ingila, bai fi shekara guda a kasar ba. Bayan da ya tattara baitul mali don samar da sojoji da na ruwa, nan da nan ya fita zuwa yakin sabiyya (ya bambanta kansa a can tare da zalunci na musamman ga musulmi), kuma a kan hanyarsa ta dawowa ya kama shi a hannun makiyinsa Leopold na Ostiriya kuma ya kwashe shekaru da yawa a cikin Durstein. sansanin soja. Domin su fanshi sarki, talakawansa sun tara maki azurfa 150.

Ya shafe shekarunsa na karshe a yaƙe-yaƙe da Sarki Philippe II na Faransa, inda ya mutu sakamakon gubar jini bayan ya ji masa rauni da kibiya.

1. Charles I Mai Girma | 747/748-814

Mafi shahararren sarkin goma shine Carolus Magnus, Carloman, Charlemagne, da dai sauransu - ana ƙauna da girmamawa a kusan dukkanin ƙasashen yammacin Turai.

An riga an kira shi mai girma a lokacin rayuwarsa - kuma wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne: Sarkin Franks daga 768, Sarkin Lombards daga 774, Sarkin Bavaria daga 788 da kuma, a karshe, Sarkin Yamma daga 800, da Babban dan Pepin the Short a karon farko ya hade Turai karkashin mulki daya kuma ya samar da kasa mai girman gaske, daukaka da daukakarta ta yi tsawa a duk fadin duniyar wayewa ta wancan lokacin.

An ambaci sunan Charlemagne a cikin almara na Turai (misali, a cikin "Song of Roland"). Af, ya zama daya daga cikin sarakuna na farko da suka ba da goyon baya ga masana kimiyya da fasaha da kuma bude makarantu ba kawai ga 'ya'yan manya ba.