10 mafi girma tsibirai na duniyarmu

*Bayyana mafi kyawu bisa ga editocin Lafiyar Abinci Kusa da Ni. Game da ma'aunin zaɓi. Wannan kayan abu ne na zahiri, ba talla ba ne kuma baya aiki azaman jagora ga siye. Kafin siyan, kuna buƙatar tuntuɓar gwani.

Tsibirin sun bambanta. Akwai tsibiran koguna da tafkuna, wadanda kadan ne kawai na saman duniya, akwai kololuwar tsaunuka da ke lullube da teku da murjani da ke tashi sama da saman ruwan. Kuma akwai wadanda suka bambanta kadan daga nahiyoyi - tare da nasu, yanayi na musamman, flora da fauna, yawan jama'a na dindindin. Za a tattauna mafi girma daga cikin waɗannan tsibiran anan.

Mafi girma tsibiran duniyarmu

Wuri na farko: Greenland (1 km²)

Bayani: 5.0

Tsibiri mafi girma a duniya dangane da yanki - Greenland - yana kusa da Arewacin Amurka, a gefen arewa maso gabas. A lokaci guda kuma, ana danganta shi da siyasa zuwa Turai - waɗannan su ne abubuwan mallakar Denmark. Yankin tsibirin yana da mutane dubu 58.

Tekun Greenland suna wanke bakin tekun Atlantika da Arctic daga bangarori daban-daban. Fiye da kashi 80 cikin 3300 na yankin an rufe shi da glacier wanda ya kai tsayin mita 2730 daga arewa da mita 150 daga kudu. Ruwan daskarewa yana taruwa a nan tsawon shekaru 360. Duk da haka, wannan ba lokaci mai tsawo ba ne ga glacier na wannan kauri. Yana da nauyi sosai wanda a ƙarƙashin nauyinsa ɓawon ƙasa ya toshe - a wasu wurare ana samun baƙin ciki har zuwa mita XNUMX ƙasa da matakin teku.

Gabashin tsibirin ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta ga matsin lamba na kankara. Anan akwai manyan wuraren Greenland - tsaunukan Gunbjorn da Trout, masu tsayin mita 3700 da 3360, bi da bi. Har ila yau, tsaunin ya ƙunshi dukan tsakiyar tsibirin, amma a can an rufe shi da glacier.

Yankin bakin tekun yana da kunkuntar - bakin ciki fiye da mita 250. An yanke shi duka ta hanyar fjords - shiga zurfi cikin ƙasa, kunkuntar kunkuntar da iska. An kafa gaɓar tekun fjord ta hanyar tsaunin tsaunuka masu tsayi har tsawon kilomita kuma an rufe su da ciyayi. A lokaci guda kuma, gabaɗaya, flora na Greenland ba su da yawa - kawai yankin bakin teku na kudancin, wanda ba a rufe shi da glacier ba, yana cike da toka dutse, alder, juniper, dwarf Birch da ganye. Saboda haka, dabbobin ma matalauta ne - shanun miski da na barewa suna ciyar da ciyayi, su kuma, suna zama abinci ga kyarkeci na polar, foxes arctic da bears na arewa su ma suna zaune a tsibirin.

Tarihin ci gaban Greenland ya fara ne a cikin 983, lokacin da Vikings suka isa wurin kuma suka fara kafa ƙauyuka. A lokacin ne sunan Grønland ya tashi, ma'ana "ƙasar kore" - masu zuwa sun yi farin ciki da ciyayi tare da bankunan fjords. A cikin 1262, lokacin da yawan jama'a suka koma Kiristanci, an ba da yankin ga Norway. A cikin 1721, Denmark ta fara mulkin mallaka na Greenland, kuma a cikin 1914 ta shiga hannun Denmark a matsayin mulkin mallaka, kuma a cikin 1953 ta zama wani ɓangare nata. Yanzu yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa na Masarautar Denmark.

Wuri na biyu: New Guinea (kilomita 2)

Bayani: 4.9

New Guinea tana yammacin Tekun Pasifik, arewacin Ostiraliya, inda mashigin Torres ya raba ta. Kasar Indonesiya ce ke da yankin yammacin kasar da kuma Papua New Guinea wadda ta mamaye yankin gabas ne ke raba tsibirin. Jimlar yawan jama'ar tsibirin shine mutane miliyan 7,5.

Tsibirin galibi yana rufe da tsaunuka - tsaunin Bismarck da ke tsakiyar yankin, Owen Stanley zuwa arewa maso gabas. Dutsen Wilhelm mafi tsayi, wanda kololuwarsa ke a tsayin mita 4509 sama da matakin teku. New Guinea tana da tsaunuka masu aman wuta kuma girgizar asa ta zama ruwan dare.

Tsire-tsire da namun daji na New Guinea sun yi kama da na Ostiraliya - ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan ƙasa. Yawancin ciyayi da aka kiyaye su - dazuzzukan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi. Akwai da yawa endemic - kiyaye kawai a kan yankinsa - shuke-shuke da dabbobi: daga cikin 11000 nau'in shuka da za a iya samu a nan, akwai kawai 2,5 dubu musamman orchids. Akwai sago dabino, kwakwa, sandal, bishiyar burodi, rake sugar a tsibirin, araucaria ya fi girma a cikin conifers.

Ba a yi nazarin dabbobin da kyau ba, har yanzu ana gano sabbin nau'ikan. Akwai nau'in kangaroo na musamman - Kangaroo na Goodfellow, wanda ya bambanta da na Australiya a cikin gajerun gaɓoɓin hind waɗanda ba sa barin tsalle mai nisa. Sabili da haka, mafi yawancin, wannan nau'in ba ya motsawa a ƙasa, amma a cikin rawanin bishiyoyi - dabba yana zaune a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi.

Kafin Turawa su gano tsibirin a farkon karni na 1960, tsoffin jihohin Indonesiya suna nan. An fara mulkin mallaka na New Guinea a cikin karni na XNUMX - Rasha, Jamus, Birtaniya da Netherlands sun mallaki yankin. Masu mallakar jihar sun canza sau da yawa, bayan ƙarshen mulkin mallaka a cikin XNUMXs, Netherlands da Ostiraliya - manyan masu mallakar tsibirin - sun yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar ƙasa mai zaman kanta a nan. Sai dai Indonesiya ta kawo dakaru tare da mamaye yankin yammacin kasar, inda suka saba shirinsu, don haka yanzu akwai kasashe biyu a nan.

Wuri na uku: Kalimantan (3 km²)

Bayani: 4.8

Kalimantan tsibiri ne a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, a tsakiyar tsibiran Malay. Layin equator yana wucewa kusan ta tsakiyarsa. An raba tsibirin zuwa kasashe uku - Indonesia, Malaysia da Brunei, Malay suna kiransa Borneo. Mutane miliyan 21 suna zaune a nan.

Sauyin yanayi a Kalimantan shine equatorial. Taimakon mafi yawa lebur ne, yankin ya fi rufe da tsoffin dazuzzuka. Tsaunuka suna tsakiyar tsakiya - a tsayin da ya kai mita 750 kuma an rufe su da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, a sama an maye gurbinsu da gauraye, tare da bishiyoyin oak da bishiyoyi masu tsayi, sama da kilomita biyu - ta makiyaya da bushes. Irin waɗannan dabbobin da ba kasafai ba kamar su Malayan bear, Kalimantan orangutan, da kuma biri na proboscis suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka. Daga cikin tsire-tsire, Rafflesia Arnold yana da ban sha'awa - furanninsa sune mafi girma a cikin duniyar shuka, sun kai mita a fadin kuma suna auna kilo 12.

Turawa sun koyi game da wanzuwar tsibirin a shekara ta 1521, lokacin da Magellan ya zo nan tare da balaguro. Inda jiragen Magellan suka tsaya shine Sultanate na Brunei - daga nan sunan Ingilishi Kalimantan, Borneo, ya fito. Yanzu Brunei ta mallaki kashi 1% na yankin, kashi 26% na kasar Malaysia ne, sauran Indonesia ne. Mutanen Kalimantan suna rayuwa galibi a gefen koguna, akan gidaje masu iyo, kuma suna jagorantar tattalin arzikin rayuwa.

Dazuzzukan, wadanda ke da shekaru miliyan 140, sun kasance da yawa. Koyaya, matsalolin muhalli suna tasowa a yanzu dangane da ayyukan masana'antar katako a Indonesiya da Malesiya, girbin bishiyoyi don fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje, da share filayen noma. Rage gandun daji yana haifar da raguwar yawan nau'in dabbobin da ba kasafai ba - alal misali, Orangutan Kalimantan na iya ɓacewa nan gaba kaɗan idan ba a ɗauki matakan ceton wannan nau'in ba.

Matsayi na 4: Madagascar (587 km²)

Bayani: 4.7

Madagascar - tsibiri da mutane da yawa suka sani daga zane mai suna iri ɗaya - yana gabashin Afirka ta Kudu. Jihar Madagascar tana kanta - kasa daya tilo a duniya da ta mamaye tsibiri daya. Yawan jama'a miliyan 20 ne.

Ruwan Tekun Indiya yana wanke Madagascar, wanda tashar Mozambik ta raba da Afirka. Sauyin yanayi a tsibirin yana da zafi, zafin jiki shine 20-30 °. Yanayin yanayi ya bambanta - akwai jeri na tsaunuka, tsaunukan tsaunuka da batattu, filayen fili da tudu. Mafi girman ma'ana shine dutsen mai aman wuta na Marumukutru, mita 2876. Yankin yana cike da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, savannas, jeji-hamada, mangroves, swamps, murjani reefs suna kusa da bakin tekun.

Tsibirin ya balle daga Indiya shekaru miliyan 88 da suka gabata. Tun daga wannan lokacin, flora da fauna na Madagascar sun ci gaba da kansu, kuma kashi 80% na nau'ikan da ke wanzuwa na musamman ne ga yankinta. Kawai a nan live lemurs - wani endemic iyali na primates. Daga cikin tsire-tsire, mafi ban sha'awa shine Ravenala - bishiyar da manyan ganye masu kama da ayaba suna fitowa daga gangar jikin. Yankan ganye suna tara ruwa, wanda matafiyi zai iya sha.

Madagascar kasa ce mai tasowa. Yawon shakatawa shine tushen ci gaban tattalin arziki - matafiya suna jan hankalin matafiya da wurare iri-iri, murjani reefs, rairayin bakin teku da yanayi mai dumi, tsaunuka da batattu. Ana iya kiran tsibirin "nahiya a cikin ƙananan" - a cikin ƙananan ƙananan yanki akwai nau'i-nau'i iri-iri, wurare na halitta da yanayin yanayi, nau'in rayuwa. Koyaya, ba a samun manyan otal a Madagascar. Hardy, zafin zafi, masu bincike sun zo nan, suna neman ba don jin dadi ba, amma don sababbin kwarewa.

Wuri na biyar: Tsibirin Baffin (kilomita 5)

Bayani: 4.6

Tsibirin Baffin tsibiri ne na Arewacin Amurka mallakar Kanada. Saboda tsananin yanayin yanayi - 60% na tsibirin yana cikin yankin Arctic Circle - mutane 11 ne kawai ke rayuwa a ciki. 9000 daga cikinsu su ne Inuit, wakilan daya daga cikin kabilu na Eskimos da suka zauna a nan kafin zuwan Turawa, kuma kawai 2 dubu mazaunan da ba na asali. Greenland yana da nisan kilomita 400 zuwa gabas.

Gaɓar tsibirin Baffin, kamar na Greenland, fjords ne suka mamaye su. Yanayin a nan yana da tsauri, saboda ciyayi - kawai tundra shrubs, lichens da mosses. Duniyar dabba kuma ba ta da wadata a nan - akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 12 ne kawai na kwatankwacin latitudes na iyakacin duniya: bear bear, reindeer, fox arctic, kurege na polar, nau'ikan nau'ikan foxes na Arctic guda biyu. Daga cikin endemics, kerkeci na Baffin shine mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin wolf na polar, wanda, duk da haka, yayi kama da girma sosai saboda dogon gashi mai kauri.

Eskimos sun isa wannan ƙasa shekaru 4000 da suka wuce. Vikings ma sun zo nan, amma yanayin ya zama mai tsauri a gare su, kuma ba su sami gindin zama a tsibirin ba. A shekara ta 1616, wani jirgin ruwa na Ingila William Buffin ya gano ƙasar, wanda daga sunansa ya samo asali. Duk da cewa Baffin Land yanzu na Kanada ne, Turawa ya zuwa yanzu sun ƙware sosai. ’Yan asalin ƙasar suna yin irin rayuwar da suke yi tun zuwan su nan – suna yin kamun kifi da farauta. Duk ƙauyuka suna kan gabar teku, balaguron kimiyya ne kawai ke zurfafawa.

Wuri na shida: Sumatra (6 km²)

Bayani: 4.5

Sumatra tsibiri ne a cikin Tsibirin Malay, wanda ke yammacin yankinsa. Nasa ne zuwa Tsibirin Sunda Mai Girma. Indonesiya ce gaba ɗaya. Sumatra tana da mutane miliyan 50,6.

Tsibirin yana kan equator, latitude sifili ya raba shi da rabi. Saboda yanayin a nan yana da zafi da zafi - ana kiyaye zafin jiki a matakin 25-27 °, ruwan sama a kowace rana. Yankin Sumatra a kudu maso yamma yana cike da tsaunuka, a arewa maso gabas yana cikin ƙasa. Akwai fashewar volcanic da girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi (maki 7-8).

Yanayi a Sumatra yana da kama da latitudes na equatorial - kusan kashi 30% na yankin yana rufe dazuzzuka masu zafi. A kan filaye da ƙananan tsaunuka, al'ummomin bishiyoyi sun ƙunshi dabino, ficuses, bamboos, lianas da ferns bishiyoyi; sama da kilomita daya da rabi ana maye gurbinsu da gauraye dazuzzuka. Dabbobin dabbobi a nan suna da wadata a cikin abun da ke ciki - birai, manyan kuliyoyi, karkanda, giwa Indiya, tsuntsaye masu launi da sauran mazaunan yankin equator. Akwai cututtuka irin su Sumatran orangutan da damisa. Wurin da waɗannan dabbobin za su iya rayuwa a kai na raguwa saboda sare dazuzzuka, kuma da shi ma adadin yana raguwa. Tigers, waɗanda aka hana su wuraren zama, sun fara kai hari ga mutane.

Jihohi a Sumatra sun wanzu tun aƙalla karni na XNUMX - har sai da Netherlands ta mamaye tsibirin a cikin karni na XNUMX, an maye gurbin da yawa daga cikinsu. Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu, da zuwan Indonesiya mai cin gashin kanta, yankin ya fara zama nata.

Wuri na 7: Biritaniya (kilomita 229)

Bayani: 4.4

Tsibirin Burtaniya shine babban tsibiran Burtaniya, yana da kashi 95% na yankin kasar. Anan London, yawancin Ingila, Scotland da Wales, suna rayuwa a cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 60,8.

Sauyin yanayi a tsibirin yana cikin ruwa - akwai hazo mai yawa, kuma yanayin zafi a cikin yanayi kadan ne. An san Burtaniya da ruwan sama da ba ya ƙarewa, duk shekara, kuma mazauna yankin ba safai suke ganin rana ba. Yawancin koguna masu cike da ruwa suna gudana ta cikin tsibirin (mafi shaharar ita ce Thames), tarin tafkunan ruwa, gami da sanannen Loch Ness na Scotland. Ƙasar ƙasa ta mamaye gabas da kudu, zuwa arewa da yamma taimako ya zama tudu, duwatsu sun bayyana.

Tsire-tsire da namun daji na Biritaniya ba su da wadata saboda an yanke su daga babban yankin da manyan birane. Dazuzzuka sun rufe ɗan ƙaramin yanki ne kawai - galibi filayen filayen suna mamaye ƙasar noma da makiyaya. A cikin tsaunuka akwai gandun daji da yawa da tumaki inda tumaki ke kiwo. An kirkiro wuraren shakatawa na kasa da yawa don adana ragowar yanayi.

Mutane sun kasance a tsibirin tun zamanin d ¯ a, alamun farko na mutane sun kai kimanin shekaru 800 - yana daya daga cikin nau'in Homo sapiens na baya. Homo sapiens ya kafa kafa a wannan duniya kimanin shekaru dubu 30 da suka gabata, lokacin da har yanzu tsibirin ke da alaka da babban yankin - shekaru 8000 ne kawai suka shude tun bayan bacewar wannan dam. Daga baya, yankin Great Britain ya kasance mafi yawan ɓangaren daular Rum.

Bayan faduwar Roma, kabilun Jamus sun zauna a tsibirin. A cikin 1066, Normans sun ci Ingila, yayin da Scotland ta kasance mai zaman kanta, Wales ta kama Wales kuma ta hade da Ingila daga baya, a karni na 1707. A cikin XNUMX, a ƙarshe, wata sabuwar ƙasa mai zaman kanta ta tashi, ta mamaye duk tsibirin kuma ta karɓi sunanta daga gare ta - Burtaniya.

Wuri na 8: Honshu (227 km²)

Bayani: 4.3

Honshu shine tsibiri mafi girma na tsibiran Jafananci, wanda ke da kashi 60% na yankin ƙasar. Ga Tokyo da sauran manyan biranen Japan - Kyoto, Hiroshima, Osaka, Yokohama. Yawan jama'ar tsibirin ya kai miliyan 104.

Yankin Honshu yana rufe da duwatsu, anan ne alamar Japan - Fuji, tsayin mita 3776. Akwai aman wuta, gami da masu aiki, akwai girgizar kasa. Sau da yawa, sakamakon ayyukan girgizar ƙasa, an tilasta wa ɗimbin jama'a barin gidajensu. Kasar Japan tana daya daga cikin mafi ci gaba da tsarin fitarwa a duniya.

Yanayin yanayi a Japan yana da zafi, tare da lokutan damina a cikin bazara da kaka. Winter yana da matsakaicin sanyi, yanayin zafi yana kama da na Moscow. Lokacin bazara yana da zafi da ɗanɗano, tare da guguwa da yawa a wannan lokacin. Ƙasar tana cike da ciyayi iri-iri - a yankin kudu akwai dazuzzukan itacen oak- ƙirji, a arewa - dazuzzukan dazuzzukan waɗanda ke da rinjayen kudan zuma da maple. Tsuntsaye masu ƙaura daga Siberiya da China hunturu a Honshu, wolf, foxes, hares, squirrels, deer suna rayuwa.

'Yan asalin tsibirin su ne Japanawa da Ainu. A karni na XNUMX, an kori Ainu gaba daya daga nan zuwa tsibirin Hokkaido na arewacin kasar.

Wuri na 9: Victoria (217 km²)

Bayani: 4.2

Victoria tsibiri ce a cikin Tsibirin Arctic na Kanada, na biyu mafi girma bayan Tsibirin Baffin. Yankinsa ya fi girma fiye da yankin Belarus, amma yawan jama'a yana da ƙanƙanta - fiye da mutane 2000.

Siffar Victoria tana da sarƙaƙiya, tare da ƙorafi da ɓangarorin ƙasa da yawa. Yankin bakin teku yana da wadata a cikin kifi, hatimi da walruses galibi suna ziyartar nan, whales da killer whale suna zuwa lokacin rani. Yanayin a nan ya fi zafi da laushi fiye da na tsibirin Baffin, kama da Bahar Rum. Tsire-tsire suna farawa a cikin Fabrairu - a wannan lokacin masu yawon bude ido sukan zo nan. Furen tsibirin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan ban mamaki da yawa, an ƙirƙiri wuraren ajiya da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa don adana su.

Mafi girman wurin zama a Victoria shine Cambridge Bay. Kauyen yana kudancin tsibirin, yana da mutane dubu daya da rabi. Mazaunan suna rayuwa ne daga kamun kifi da farauta, kuma suna magana da Eskimo da Ingilishi. Masu binciken kayan tarihi a wasu lokuta suna ziyartar ƙauyen.

Wuri na 10: Ellesmere (kilomita 196)

Bayani: 4.1

Ellesmere shine tsibiri na arewa mafi girma na tsibirin Kanada, wanda yake saman Arctic Circle, kusa da Greenland. Ba a kusan zama yankin ba - akwai mazaunan dindindin ɗari da rabi kawai.

Yankin bakin tekun Ellesmere yana cike da fjords. Tsibirin yana cike da glaciers, duwatsu da filayen dusar ƙanƙara. Polar dare da rana a nan yana ɗaukar watanni biyar. A cikin hunturu, zafin jiki yana raguwa zuwa -50 °, a lokacin rani yawanci ba ya wuce 7 °, kawai lokaci-lokaci yana tashi zuwa 21 °. Ƙasa tana narke ƴan santimita kaɗan ne kawai, domin babu bishiya a nan, sai ƴaƴan leƙen asiri, mosses, da poppies da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsiro. Banda shi ne kusancin tafkin Hazen, inda willows, sedge, heather da saxifrage suke girma.

Duk da talaucin flora, fauna ba ta da talauci sosai. Tsuntsaye na gida akan Ellesmere - arctic terns, dusar ƙanƙara owls, tundra partridges. Daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, polar hares, musk shanu, wolf ana samun su a nan - ana kiran nau'in nau'in nau'i na tsibirin Melville, yana da karami kuma yana da gashin gashi.

Akwai ƙauyuka uku kawai a tsibirin - Alert, Eureka da Gris Fjord. Faɗakarwa ita ce wurin zama na dindindin na arewa a duniya, mutane biyar ne kawai ke zaune a ciki, sojoji da masana yanayi ma suna zaune a ciki. Eureka tashar kimiyya ce kuma Gris Fjord ƙauyen Inuit ne mai mazauna 130.

Hankali! Wannan kayan abu ne na zahiri, ba talla ba ne kuma baya aiki azaman jagora ga siye. Kafin siyan, kuna buƙatar tuntuɓar gwani.