Wanene zai iya amfana daga maganin fahimi?

Damuwa da damuwa, rashin cin abinci da phobias, ma'aurata da matsalolin sadarwa - jerin tambayoyin da ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa ya ɗauka don amsa yana ci gaba da girma daga shekara zuwa shekara.

Wannan yana nufin cewa ilimin halin dan Adam ya sami duniya «maɓalli ga duk kofofin», magani ga dukan cututtuka? Ko kuma an wuce gona da iri na wannan nau'in jiyya? Mu yi kokarin gano shi.

Dawo da hankali

Da farko akwai hali. Wannan shine sunan kimiyyar hali (saboda haka sunan na biyu na farfadowa-halayen halayen - fahimi-halaye, ko CBT a takaice). Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam John Watson na Amurka shine farkon wanda ya ɗaga tutar ɗabi'a a farkon karni na XNUMX.

Ka'idarsa amsa ce ga sha'awar Turai tare da Freudian psychoanalysis. Haihuwar psychoanalysis ya zo daidai da lokacin rashin tsoro, rashin tausayi da tsammanin ƙarshen duniya. Wannan ya bayyana a cikin koyarwar Freud, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa tushen manyan matsalolinmu yana waje da hankali - a cikin sume, sabili da haka yana da matukar wuya a jimre su.

Hanyar Amurka, akasin haka, ta ɗauki wasu sassauƙa, ingantaccen aiki da kyakkyawan fata. John Watson ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a mai da hankali kan halayen ɗan adam, kan yadda muke amsawa ga abubuwan motsa jiki na waje. Kuma - don yin aiki akan inganta waɗannan halayen halayen.

Koyaya, wannan tsarin ya yi nasara ba kawai a Amurka ba. Daya daga cikin ubanni na halayya shine masanin ilmin lissafi dan kasar Rasha Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel don bincikensa kuma yayi nazarin ra'ayi har zuwa 1936.

Ba da daɗewa ba ya bayyana a fili cewa a cikin neman sauƙi, hali ya jefa jaririn tare da ruwan wanka - a sakamakon haka, yana rage mutum zuwa jimlar halayen da kuma sanya ruhi kamar haka. Kuma tunanin kimiyya ya koma akasin haka.

A cikin 1950s da 1960s, masana ilimin halayyar dan adam Albert Ellis da Aaron Beck "sun mayar da psyche zuwa wurinsa", daidai da nuna cewa tsakanin wani abin motsa jiki na waje da kuma mayar da martani ga shi akwai wani muhimmin misali - a gaskiya, mutumin da kansa ya amsa. Ko kuma, tunaninsa.

Idan psychoanalysis sanya asalin manyan matsaloli a cikin sume, m zuwa gare mu, sa'an nan Beck da Ellis nuna cewa muna magana ne game da ba daidai ba «cognitions» - kurakurai sani. Gano wanda, ko da yake ba sauki ba, ya fi sauƙi fiye da shiga cikin zurfin duhu na sume.

Ayyukan Haruna Beck da Albert Ellis suna dauke da tushe na CBT a yau.

Kurakurai na sani

Kurakurai na sani na iya zama daban-daban. Misali ɗaya mai sauƙi shine ɗabi'ar kallon kowane taron kamar yana da wani abu da zai yi da kai. A ce maigida ya yi duhu a yau ya gaishe ku ta hakora. “Yana ƙina kuma wataƙila yana shirin kora ni” wani hali ne na yau da kullun a wannan yanayin. Amma ba lallai bane gaskiya.

Ba ma yin la’akari da yanayin da ba mu sani ba. Idan yaron maigidan ba shi da lafiya fa? Idan ya yi husuma da matarsa? Ko dai an zarge shi ne a wani taro da masu hannun jari? Koyaya, ba zai yuwu ba, ba shakka, don ware yuwuwar cewa da gaske shugaba yana da wani abu akan ku.

Amma ko da a cikin wannan yanayin, maimaita "Abin da ban tsoro, duk abin da ya tafi" kuma kuskure ne na sani. Zai fi dacewa ku tambayi kanku ko za ku iya canza wani abu a cikin halin da ake ciki da kuma irin amfanin da za ku iya samu don barin aikinku na yanzu.

Wannan misali a fili ya kwatanta "ikon" na CBT, wanda ba ya neman fahimtar asirin da ke faruwa a bayan ƙofar ɗakin ɗakin iyayenmu, amma yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar wani yanayi.

Kuma wannan tsarin ya zama tasiri sosai: "Ba wani nau'i na ilimin halin dan Adam ba yana da irin wannan tushe na shaidar kimiyya," in ji masanin ilimin psychotherapist Yakov Kochetkov.

Yana magana ne akan binciken da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Stefan Hofmann ya yi wanda ke tabbatar da ingancin dabarun CBT.¹: wani babban nazari na kasidu 269, wanda kowannensu, bi da bi, ya ƙunshi bitar ɗaruruwan wallafe-wallafe.

Farashin Ingantattun Ayyuka

"Maganganun-halayyar ilimin halin dan adam da ilimin halin dan adam ana daukar su a al'adance manyan bangarorin biyu na ilimin halin dan Adam na zamani. Don haka, a cikin Jamus, don samun takardar shaidar jihar na ƙwararren likitan ilimin likitanci tare da haƙƙin biyan kuɗi ta hanyar biyan kuɗi na inshora, dole ne a sami horo na asali a ɗayansu.

Gestalt far, psychodrama, tsarin iyali far, duk da shahararsa, har yanzu ana gane su kawai a matsayin nau'i na ƙarin ƙwarewa, "in ji Alla Kholmogorova da Natalia Garanyan masana ilimin halayyar dan adam.². A kusan dukkanin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, ga masu insurer, taimako na ilimin halin ɗan adam da fahimi-halayyar ilimin halin ɗabi'a kusan suna ɗaya.

Ga kamfanonin inshora, manyan gardama sune tasirin kimiyya da aka tabbatar, aikace-aikacen da yawa da kuma ɗan gajeren lokaci na jiyya.

An haɗa labari mai ban sha'awa tare da yanayi na ƙarshe. Haruna Beck ya ce lokacin da ya fara yin CBT, ya kusan yin fatara. A al'ada, psychotherapy ya dade na dogon lokaci, amma bayan wasu 'yan zaman, yawancin abokan ciniki sun gaya wa Haruna Beck cewa an magance matsalolin su cikin nasara, sabili da haka ba su ga wani ma'ana a cikin ƙarin aiki ba. Albashin likitan kwakwalwa ya ragu sosai.

Hanyar amfani

Tsawon lokacin kwas ɗin CBT na iya bambanta. "Ana amfani da shi duka a cikin gajeren lokaci (15-20 zaman a cikin maganin matsalolin damuwa) da kuma a cikin dogon lokaci (shekaru 1-2 a cikin yanayin rashin lafiyar mutum)," Alla Kholmogorova da Natalya Garanyan sun nuna.

Amma a matsakaita, wannan ya fi ƙasa da, alal misali, hanya na ilimin halin ɗan adam na gargajiya. Ana iya fahimtar hakan ba kawai a matsayin ƙari ba, har ma a matsayin ragi.

Ana zargin CBT sau da yawa da aiki na zahiri, yana kamanta kwaya mai kashe zafi wanda ke sauƙaƙa alamun alamun ba tare da shafar abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar ba. "Maganin fahimi na zamani yana farawa da alamun bayyanar cututtuka," in ji Yakov Kochetkov. "Amma yin aiki tare da yanke hukunci shima yana taka rawa sosai.

Ba ma tunanin yana ɗaukar shekaru masu yawa don yin aiki tare da su. Tsarin da aka saba shine tarurruka 15-20, ba makonni biyu ba. Kuma kusan rabin kwas ɗin yana aiki tare da bayyanar cututtuka, kuma rabi yana aiki tare da dalilai. Bugu da ƙari, yin aiki tare da bayyanar cututtuka kuma yana rinjayar imani mai zurfi.

Wannan aikin, ta hanyar, ya haɗa da ba kawai tattaunawa tare da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ba, har ma da hanyar nunawa. Ya ta'allaka ne a cikin tasirin sarrafawa akan abokin ciniki na ainihin abubuwan da ke zama tushen matsalolin.

Alal misali, idan mutum yana jin tsoron tsayi, to, a lokacin aikin jiyya, dole ne ya hau baranda na babban gini fiye da sau ɗaya. Na farko, tare da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, sannan kuma da kansa, kuma kowane lokaci zuwa bene mafi girma.

Wani labari kuma yana da alama ya samo asali ne daga ainihin sunan farfadowa: idan dai yana aiki tare da hankali, to, mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali shine koci mai hankali wanda ba ya nuna tausayi kuma ba zai iya fahimtar abin da ya shafi dangantaka ta sirri ba.

Wannan ba gaskiya bane. Maganin fahimtar juna ga ma'aurata, alal misali, a Jamus an gane shi da tasiri sosai cewa yana da matsayi na shirin jihar.

Hanyoyi da yawa a cikin daya

"CBT ba na duniya ba ne, ba ya maye gurbin ko maye gurbin wasu hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na psychotherapy," in ji Yakov Kochetkov. "A maimakon haka, ta yi nasarar yin amfani da binciken wasu hanyoyin, a duk lokacin da ta tabbatar da ingancinsu ta hanyar binciken kimiyya."

CBT ba ɗaya ba ne, amma yawancin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. Kuma kusan kowace cuta a yau tana da nata hanyoyin CBT. Alal misali, an ƙirƙiri tsarin jiyya don rashin lafiyar mutum. Yakov Kochetkov ya ci gaba da cewa "Yanzu an yi amfani da CBT cikin nasara a lokuta na psychoses da cututtukan bipolar."

- Akwai ra'ayoyin da aka aro daga magungunan psychodynamic. Kuma kwanan nan, The Lancet ya buga labarin game da amfani da CBT ga marasa lafiya da schizophrenia waɗanda suka ƙi shan magani. Kuma ko da a wannan yanayin, wannan hanya tana ba da sakamako mai kyau.

Duk wannan ba yana nufin cewa CBT ta ƙarshe ta kafa kanta a matsayin No. 1 psychotherapy. Tana da masu suka da yawa. Duk da haka, idan kuna buƙatar gaggawar gaggawa a cikin wani yanayi na musamman, to, 9 daga cikin 10 masana a kasashen yammacin Turai za su ba da shawarar tuntuɓar mai ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa.

¹ S. Hofmann et al. "Ingantacciyar Lafiya ta Halayen Halayen Fahimi: Binciken Meta-bincike." Buga kan layi a cikin mujallolin Farfadowa da Bincike daga 31.07.2012.

² A. Kholmogorova, N. Garanyan «Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy» (a cikin tarin «Babban kwatance na zamani psychotherapy», Kogito-Center, 2000).