Littafin «Gabatarwa zuwa Psychology». Marubuta - RL Atkinson, RS Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Boehm, S. Nolen-Hoeksema. A ƙarƙashin babban editan VP Zinchenko. Buga na kasa da kasa na 15, St. Petersburg, Prime Eurosign, 2007.
Labari daga babi na 14. Damuwa, jimrewa da lafiya
Shelley Taylor, Jami'ar California ne ya rubuta
Shin kyakkyawan fata na rashin gaskiya yana cutar da lafiyar ku? Da farko kallo, da alama ya kamata ya zama cutarwa. Bayan haka, idan mutane sun yi imani cewa ba su da ɗanɗano daga matsalolin da suka kama daga ruɓewar haƙori zuwa cututtukan zuciya, shin hakan bai kamata ya zama shinge ga salon rayuwa mai kyau ba? Isasshen shaida ya nuna cewa yawancin mutane da gaske suna da kyakkyawan fata game da lafiyarsu. Amma ko da menene, kyakkyawan fata na rashin gaskiya ya bayyana yana da kyau ga lafiyar ku.
Yi la'akari da halaye masu kyau kamar sa bel ɗin kujera, motsa jiki, da rashin shan taba ko shan barasa. Maimakon raunana irin waɗannan halaye, kamar yadda mutum zai iya tunani, kyakkyawan fata na rashin gaskiya na iya haifar da kyakkyawan salon rayuwa. Aspinwall da Brunhart (1996) sun gano cewa mutanen da ke da kyakkyawan fata game da lafiyarsu a zahiri sun fi maida hankali ga bayanai game da yiwuwar barazanar kansu ga rayuwarsu fiye da masu son zuciya. A bayyane yake, wannan saboda suna son hana waɗannan haɗari. Mutane na iya zama masu kyakkyawan fata game da lafiyarsu daidai saboda suna da halaye mafi koshin lafiya fiye da masu son rai (Armor Si Taylor, 1998).
Wataƙila mafi ƙwaƙƙwaran shaida na fa'idodin kiwon lafiya na kyakkyawan fata na rashin gaskiya ya fito ne daga binciken da aka yi kan 'yan luwadi da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau. Wani bincike ya gano cewa mazan da suke da kyakkyawan fata game da ikon su na kare kansu daga cutar kanjamau (alal misali, yarda cewa jikinsu zai iya kawar da kwayar cutar) sun fi yin rayuwa mai inganci fiye da maza masu rashin fata (Taylor et al., 1992). Reed, Kemeny, Taylor, Wang, and Visscher (1994) sun gano cewa maza masu fama da cutar kanjamau waɗanda ke yin imani da rashin imani da sakamako mai kyau, sabanin kasancewa masu gaskiya, sun sami karuwar watanni 9 a cikin tsammanin rayuwa. A cikin irin wannan binciken, Richard Schulz (Schulz et al., 1994) ya gano cewa masu fama da ciwon daji na mutuwa a baya fiye da marasa lafiya masu fata.
Masu kyautata zaton suna murmurewa da sauri. Leedham, Meyerowitz, Muirhead & Frist (1995) sun gano cewa kyakkyawan fata a tsakanin marasa lafiya na zuciya yana da alaƙa da yanayi mafi kyau, mafi kyawun rayuwa, da daidaitawar cututtuka. Scheier da abokan aikinsa (Scheier et al., 1989) sun gabatar da irin wannan sakamakon, waɗanda suka yi nazarin daidaitawar marasa lafiya bayan tiyata ta hanyar jijiyoyin jini. Menene ya bayyana irin wannan sakamakon?
Kyakkyawan fata yana da alaƙa da kyawawan dabarun jurewa da halaye masu kyau. Masu kyautata zato mutane ne masu ƙwazo waɗanda suke ƙoƙarin magance matsaloli maimakon guje musu (Scheier & Carver, 1992). Bugu da kari, masu kyautata zato sun fi samun nasara a cikin huldar juna, sabili da haka yana da sauki a gare su su sami tallafi daga mutane. Wannan tallafin yana taimakawa rage yiwuwar rashin lafiya kuma yana inganta farfadowa. Masu kyautata zato na iya amfani da waɗannan albarkatun don magance damuwa da rashin lafiya.
Masana kimiyya yanzu sun fahimci cewa kyakkyawan fata na iya haifarwa ko kuma a haɗa shi da yanayin jiki mai dacewa da lafiya ko murmurewa cikin sauri. Susan Segerstrom da abokan aiki (Segerstrom, Taylor, Kemeny & Fahey, 1998) sunyi nazarin ƙungiyar ɗaliban lauya waɗanda ke cikin matsanancin damuwa na ilimi a lokacin karatun farko a makarantar lauya. Sun gano cewa ɗalibai masu kyakkyawan fata suna da tsarin rigakafi wanda ya fi tsayayya da cututtuka da kamuwa da cuta. Sauran nazarin sun nuna irin wannan sakamako (Bower, Kemeny, Taylor & Fahey, 1998).
Me yasa wasu ke ganin kyakkyawan fata yana da illa ga lafiya? Wasu masu bincike suna zargin kyakkyawan fata na rashin gaskiya a matsayin tushen haɗarin lafiya ba tare da shaida ba. Misali, yayin da masu shan taba sigari ke ganin suna raina haɗarin kamuwa da cutar sankara ta huhu, babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa kyakkyawan fata na sa su yi amfani da taba ko kuma ya bayyana ci gaba da shan taba. Lallai, masu shan sigari suna sane da cewa sun fi fuskantar matsalolin huhu fiye da masu shan taba.
Shin hakan yana nufin cewa kyakkyawan fata na yau da kullun yana da kyau ga lafiyar ku ko kuma yana da kyau ga duk mutane? Seymour Epstein da abokan aiki (Epstein & Meier, 1989) sun nuna cewa mafi yawan masu fata "masu kyakkyawan fata ne" waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin kare lafiyarsu da amincin su. Amma wasu masu fata suna "masu kyakykyawan zato" wadanda suka yi imani cewa komai zai yi aiki da kansa ba tare da wani bangare na aiki ba. Idan wasu masu kyakkyawan fata suna cikin haɗari saboda halayensu marasa kyau, tabbas suna cikin na ƙarshe na waɗannan ƙungiyoyi biyu.
Kafin ka watsar da kyakkyawan fata na rashin gaskiya a matsayin yanayin da ke makantar da mutane ga ainihin haɗarin da muke fuskanta, yi la'akari da fa'idodinsa: yana sa mutane farin ciki, lafiya, kuma, lokacin da rashin lafiya, yana inganta damar su na farfadowa.
Hatsarin Zage-zage marasa Gaskiya
Kuna da yawa ko žasa da kamuwa da shan barasa fiye da sauran mutane? Me game da damar ku na kamuwa da cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i ko ciwon zuciya? Ba mutane da yawa waɗanda aka yi wa waɗannan tambayoyin ba su yarda da samun matsakaicin matsakaicin kashi na haɗari. Yawanci, 50-70% na waɗanda aka bincika sun ce suna cikin ƙasa da matsakaicin haɗari, wani 30-50% kuma sun ce suna cikin matsakaicin haɗari, kuma ƙasa da 10% sun ce suna cikin haɗari. Duba →
Chapter 15
A cikin wannan babin za mu kalli labaran wasu mutane masu fama da matsananciyar tabarbarewar hankali, da kuma mai da hankali kan majinyata da ke tafiyar da salon rayuwar da ke lalata halayensu. Duba →