Bisa ga ra'ayi da aka rigaya, tsarin tsufa na kwakwalwa yana farawa lokacin da yaro ya zama matashi. Kololuwar wannan tsari ya faɗi a kan manyan shekaru. Duk da haka, yanzu an tabbatar da cewa kwakwalwar ɗan adam tana da ikon canzawa, maidowa da sake farfadowa, kuma akan sikelin mara iyaka. Daga nan ne babban abin da ke shafar kwakwalwa ba shekaru ba ne, amma halin mutum a tsawon rayuwarsa.
Akwai matakai da suke "sake farawa" ƙananan kwayoyin halitta na kwayoyin halitta (wanda ake kira da basal tsakiya); yayin waɗannan matakai, kwakwalwa tana aiki a cikin ingantaccen yanayin. Basalis tsakiya yana kunna tsarin neuroplasticity na kwakwalwa. Kalmar neuroplasticity tana nufin ikon sarrafa yanayin kwakwalwa da kula da aikinta.
Tare da shekaru, ana samun raguwa kaɗan a cikin aikin kwakwalwa, amma ba shi da mahimmanci kamar yadda masana suka ɗauka a baya. Yana yiwuwa ba kawai don ƙirƙirar sababbin hanyoyin jijiyoyi ba, amma har ma don inganta tsofaffi; ana iya yin haka a tsawon rayuwar mutum. Don cimma duka na farko da na biyu yana ba da damar amfani da wasu fasahohin. A lokaci guda kuma, an yi imanin cewa tasiri mai kyau ga jikin ɗan adam da aka samu ta hanyar waɗannan matakan ya kasance na dogon lokaci.
Irin wannan tasirin yana yiwuwa saboda gaskiyar cewa tunanin mutum yana iya rinjayar kwayoyin halittarsa. An yarda cewa kwayoyin halittar da mutum ya gada daga kakanninsu ba sa iya samun canji. A bisa ka’ida ta yadu, mutum yana karba daga wurin iyayensa duk kayan da su da kansu suka samu daga kakanninsu (watau kwayoyin halittar da ke tantance wane irin mutum ne zai yi tsayi da hadaddun, wace cututtuka za su kasance siffa gare shi, da sauransu). kuma ba za a iya canza wannan kaya ba. Koyaya, a zahiri, ana iya yin tasiri akan kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam a duk rayuwarsa. Ayyukan mai ɗaukarsu suna rinjayar su duka, da tunaninsa, ji, da imani.
A halin yanzu, an san wannan hujja mai zuwa: yadda mutum yake cin abinci da irin salon rayuwar da yake yi yana shafar kwayoyin halittarsa. Ayyukan jiki da sauran abubuwan kuma suna barin tambari a kansu. A yau, masana suna gudanar da bincike a fagen tasirin da aka yi a kan kwayoyin halitta ta bangaren motsin rai - tunani, ji, bangaskiyar mutum. Masana sun ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa sinadarai da ayyukan tunanin dan Adam ke tasiri sun fi tasiri a kan kwayoyin halittarsa. Matsayin tasirin su yana daidaitawa da tasirin da aka yi akan kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar canji a cikin abinci, salon rayuwa ko wurin zama.
Menene binciken ya nuna?
A cewar Dokta Dawson Church, gwaje-gwajen da ya yi sun tabbatar da cewa tunanin mutum da imaninsa na iya kunna kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da cututtuka da murmurewa. A cewarsa, jikin dan adam yana karanta bayanai daga kwakwalwa. A cewar kimiyya, mutum yana da takamaiman tsarin kwayoyin halitta wanda ba za a iya canzawa ba. Duk da haka, muhimmiyar rawa tana taka rawa wanda kwayoyin halitta ke da tasiri a kan fahimtar mai ɗaukar su da kuma matakai daban-daban da ke faruwa a cikin jikinsa, in ji Church.
Wani gwaji da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Ohio ya nuna a fili matakin tasirin tasirin tunani akan sabuntar jiki. Ma'aurata sun shiga cikin aiwatar da shi. An ba kowane ɗayan batutuwan ɗan ƙaramin rauni ga fata, wanda ya haifar da kumburi. Bayan haka, ma'auratan dole ne su gudanar da tattaunawa a kan wani batu na tsawon minti 30 ko kuma su yi jayayya a kan kowane batu.
Bayan gwajin, tsawon makonni da yawa, masana sun auna ma'auni a cikin kwayoyin halitta na abubuwan da ke tattare da sunadaran sunadarai guda uku waɗanda ke shafar adadin warkar da raunukan fata. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mahalarta waɗanda suka shiga cikin jayayya kuma sun nuna mafi girman causticity da rigidity, abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan sunadaran sun kasance ƙasa da 40% fiye da waɗanda suka yi magana a kan wani batu; iri ɗaya da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa ƙimar farfadowar rauni - ya kasance ƙasa da kashi ɗaya. Da yake tsokaci game da gwajin, Ikilisiya ya ba da bayanin da ke gaba game da ayyukan da ke gudana: ana samar da furotin a cikin jiki wanda ya fara aikin kwayoyin da ke da alhakin sake farfadowa. Kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da sel mai tushe don gina sabbin ƙwayoyin fata don dawo da ita. Amma a ƙarƙashin damuwa, ƙarfin jiki yana kashewa don sakin abubuwan damuwa (adrenaline, cortisol, norepinephrine). A wannan yanayin, siginar da aka aika zuwa ga kwayoyin warkaswa ya zama mai rauni sosai. Wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa warkaswa yana raguwa sosai. Akasin haka, idan ba a tilasta jiki ya amsa barazanar waje ba, ana amfani da duk sojojinsa a cikin tsarin warkarwa.
Me ya sa yake da matsala?
Da yake an haife shi, mutum yana da wani gado na gado wanda ke tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki na jiki yayin motsa jiki na yau da kullun. Amma ikon mutum don kiyaye daidaiton tunani kai tsaye yana shafar ikon jiki don amfani da damarsa. Ko da mutum ya nutsar da tunani mai tsauri, akwai hanyoyin da zai iya amfani da su don daidaita hanyoyinsa don tallafawa ayyukan da ba su da ƙarfi. Damuwa na yau da kullun yana ba da gudummawa ga tsufa na kwakwalwa.
Damuwa tana tare da mutum a tsawon rayuwarsa. Ga ra'ayin Dokta Harvard Phyllitt na Amurka, farfesa a fannin ilimin geriatrics a Makarantar Magunguna ta New York (Phyllitt kuma ta jagoranci wata gidauniya da ke samar da sabbin magunguna ga masu fama da cutar Alzheimer). A cewar Phyllit, babban mummunan tasiri ga jiki yana haifar da damuwa ta tunani da mutum a ciki ke ji a matsayin martani ga abubuwan motsa jiki na waje. Wannan bayanin yana jaddada cewa jiki yana ba da wani amsa ga abubuwan waje mara kyau. Irin wannan hali na jikin mutum yana da tasiri a kan kwakwalwa; Sakamakon shine cututtuka daban-daban na tunani, misali, rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Damuwa yana ba da gudummawa ga asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin tsufa kuma yana da haɗari ga cutar Alzheimer. A lokaci guda kuma, mutum yana iya jin cewa ya girme shi da yawa (a fannin aikin tunani) fiye da yadda yake a zahiri.
Sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da masana kimiyya suka gudanar a Jami'ar California sun nuna cewa idan jiki yana tilastawa kullum don amsa damuwa, sakamakon zai iya zama raguwa a wani muhimmin sashi na tsarin limbic na kwakwalwa - hippocampus. Wannan bangare na kwakwalwa yana kunna hanyoyin da ke kawar da tasirin damuwa, kuma yana tabbatar da aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci. A wannan yanayin, muna magana ne game da bayyanar neuroplasticity, amma a nan yana da mummunan.
shakatawa, mutumin da ke gudanar da zaman yayin da ya yanke duk wani tunani - waɗannan matakan suna ba ku damar daidaita tunani da sauri kuma, a sakamakon haka, daidaita matakin abubuwan damuwa a cikin jiki da kuma maganganun kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan ayyukan suna da tasiri akan tsarin kwakwalwa.
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idodin neuroplasticity shine cewa ta hanyar ƙarfafa sassan kwakwalwar da ke da alhakin motsin rai mai kyau, za ku iya ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar jijiyoyi. Ana iya kwatanta wannan tasirin da ƙarfafa tsokoki ta hanyar motsa jiki. A gefe guda, idan mutum yakan yi tunani game da abubuwa masu banƙyama, ƙwarewar cerebellar amygdala, wanda ke da alhakin mummunan motsin rai, yana ƙaruwa. Hanson ya bayyana cewa ta irin wadannan ayyuka ne mutum ya kan kara wa kwakwalwar sa saukin kai, kuma a sakamakon haka, nan gaba ya fara jin haushi saboda kananan abubuwa daban-daban.
Tsarin juyayi yana fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin gabobin ciki na jiki tare da sa hannu na tsakiya na kwakwalwa, wanda ake kira "tsibirin". Saboda wannan hasashe, wanda ake kira interoception, yayin aikin jiki, jikin mutum yana kare shi daga rauni; yana ba mutum damar jin cewa komai yana daidai da jiki, in ji Hanson. Ƙari ga haka, sa’ad da “tsibirin” yake cikin koshin lafiya, hankalin mutum yana ƙaruwa. Ƙwararrun cingulation na gaba yana da alhakin maida hankali. Wadannan wurare za a iya shafa su ta hanyar fasaha na shakatawa na musamman, samun sakamako mai kyau a jiki.
A cikin tsufa, haɓaka aikin tunani yana yiwuwa kowace shekara.
Shekaru da yawa, ra'ayin da aka yi amfani da shi shine cewa lokacin da mutum ya kai matsakaicin shekaru, kwakwalwar ɗan adam ta fara rasa sassauci da iyawa. Amma sakamakon gwaje-gwaje na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa lokacin da kuka kai matsakaicin shekaru, kwakwalwa na iya kaiwa kololuwar karfinta. A cewar binciken, waɗannan shekarun sun fi dacewa ga mafi yawan ayyukan kwakwalwa, ba tare da la'akari da munanan halayen mutum ba. Hukunce-hukuncen da aka yanke a wannan zamani suna da alaƙa da mafi girman sani, tunda mutum yana jagorantar ta hanyar gogewa.
Kwararru da ke da hannu a cikin binciken kwakwalwa koyaushe suna jayayya cewa tsufa na wannan sashin jiki yana haifar da mutuwar neutrons - ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa. Amma a lokacin da ake duba kwakwalwar ta hanyar amfani da fasahar zamani, an gano cewa a yawancin kwakwalwar akwai adadin neurons a tsawon rayuwa. Yayin da wasu al'amuran tsufa ke haifar da wasu iyawar tunani (kamar lokacin amsawa) don tabarbarewa, ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin jiki koyaushe ana sake cika su.
A cikin wannan tsari - "bilateralization na kwakwalwa", kamar yadda masana suka kira shi - duka hemispheres suna da hannu daidai. A cikin 1990s masana kimiyya na Kanada a Jami'ar Toronto, ta yin amfani da sabuwar fasahar duba kwakwalwa, sun sami damar hango aikin nasa. Don kwatanta aikin kwakwalwar matasa da masu matsakaicin shekaru, an gudanar da gwaji a kan hankali da ikon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. An nuno batutuwan da hotunan fuskokin da suka yi gaggawar haddace sunayensu, sannan sai sun fadi sunan kowannensu.
Masana sun yi imanin cewa masu shiga tsaka-tsakin za su yi mummunan aiki a kan aikin, duk da haka, sabanin tsammanin, ƙungiyoyin biyu sun nuna sakamako iri ɗaya. Ƙari ga haka, wani yanayi ya sa masana kimiyya mamaki. Lokacin gudanar da aikin tomography na positron, an gano abubuwan da ke biyo baya: a cikin matasa, kunna haɗin haɗin gwiwa ya faru a wani yanki na musamman na kwakwalwa, kuma a cikin mutane masu matsakaicin shekaru, ban da wannan yanki, wani ɓangare na prefrontal. cortex na kwakwalwa kuma ya shiga ciki. Bisa ga wannan da sauran binciken, masana sun bayyana wannan al'amari ta hanyar cewa batutuwa daga tsakiyar shekaru a kowane yanki na cibiyar sadarwa na jijiyoyi na iya samun nakasu; a wannan lokacin, an kunna wani sashi na kwakwalwa don ramawa. Wannan ya nuna cewa tsawon shekaru mutane suna amfani da kwakwalwar su sosai. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin shekaru masu girma, cibiyar sadarwar jijiyoyi a wasu sassan kwakwalwa suna ƙarfafawa.
Kwakwalwar ɗan adam tana iya shawo kan yanayi, yin tsayayya da su, ta yin amfani da sassauci. Kula da hankali ga lafiyarsa yana ba da gudummawa ga gaskiyar cewa yana nuna sakamako mafi kyau. A cewar masu binciken, yanayinsa yana da kyau ta hanyar ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki, shakatawa, motsa jiki na tunani (aiki akan ayyuka na ƙara yawan rikitarwa, nazarin kowane yanki), aikin jiki, da dai sauransu. Wadannan abubuwan zasu iya rinjayar kwakwalwa a kowane zamani - kamar yadda yake a cikin matasa da kuma tsufa.