Pythagoras a lokaci guda adadi na ainihi da tatsuniyoyi na tsohuwar wayewar Girka. Hatta sunansa abin zato ne da tawili. Sigar farko ta fassarar sunan Pythagoras shine "Pythia ya annabta", wato boka. Wani, zabin gasa: "lallashewa ta hanyar magana", don Pythagoras ba kawai ya san yadda za a shawo kan ba, amma ya kasance mai tsayi da tsayi a cikin maganganunsa, kamar Delphic oracle.
Masanin falsafa ya fito ne daga tsibirin Samos, inda ya yi yawancin rayuwarsa. Da farko, Pythagoras yana tafiya da yawa. A Misira, godiya ga ikon fir'auna Amasis, Pythagoras ya sadu da firistocin Memphis. Godiya ga basirarsa, ya buɗe tsattsarkan wurare masu tsarki - temples na Masar. An nada Pythagoras firist kuma ya zama memba na rukunin firist. Sa'an nan, a lokacin da Farisa mamayewa, Pythagoras ya kama Farisa.
Kamar dai kaddara ce ta kai shi, ta canza wani yanayi zuwa wani, yayin da yake-yake, guguwar al’umma, sadaukarwa da zubar da jini da gaggawar al’amura suna zama kawai a matsayin tushensa kuma ba sa tasiri, akasin haka, suna kara masa sha’awar karatu. A cikin Babila, Pythagoras ya sadu da masu sihiri na Farisa, daga wanda, bisa ga almara, ya koyi ilmin taurari da sihiri.
A lokacin balaga, Pythagoras, kasancewa abokin adawar siyasa na Polycrates na Samos, ya koma Italiya ya zauna a birnin Crotone, inda iko a ƙarshen karni na 6. BC e. ya kasance na aristocracy. A nan ne, a cikin Crotone, masanin falsafa ya ƙirƙira sanannen ƙungiyar Pythagorean. A cewar Dicaearchus, ya biyo bayan cewa Pythagoras ya mutu a Metapontus.
"Pythagoras ya mutu ta hanyar gudu zuwa Metapontine Temple na Muses, inda ya shafe kwanaki arba'in ba tare da abinci ba."
Bisa ga almara, Pythagoras ɗan allahn Hamisa ne. Wani labari ya ce wata rana kogin Kas, ya gan shi, ya gaishe da masanin falsafa da muryar mutum. Pythagoras ya haɗu da sifofin mai hikima, sufi, mathematician da annabi, mai cikakken bincike na dokokin lambobi na duniya kuma mai gyara addini. A lokaci guda, mabiyansa suna girmama shi a matsayin ma'aikacin mu'ujiza.
Duk da haka, masanin falsafa yana da isashen tawali’u, kamar yadda wasu umarninsa suka nuna: “Ku yi manyan abubuwa ba tare da alkalan manyan abubuwa ba”; "Ku yi shiru ko ku faɗi abin da ya fi shiru"; “Kada ka ɗauki kanka babban mutum gwargwadon girman inuwarka a faɗuwar rana.”
To, menene fasalin aikin falsafar Pythagoras?
Pythagoras cikakku da lambobi masu ban mamaki. An ɗaga lambobi zuwa matakin ainihin ainihin kowane abu kuma sun kasance a matsayin ainihin ka'idar duniya. Hoton duniya ya nuna Pythagoras tare da taimakon ilimin lissafi, kuma sanannen "sufi na lambobi" ya zama koli na aikinsa.
Wasu lambobi, bisa ga Pythagoras, sun dace da sararin sama, wasu zuwa abubuwan duniya - adalci, ƙauna, aure. Lambobi huɗu na farko, bakwai, goma, sune "lambobi masu tsarki" waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin duk abin da ke cikin duniya. Pythagoreans sun raba lambobi zuwa maɗaukaki da ƙima da ƙima - naúrar da suka gane a matsayin tushen duk lambobi.
Ga taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin Pythagoras game da ainihin zama:
* Komai lambobi ne. * Farkon komai daya ne. Monad mai tsarki (raka'a) ita ce uwar alloli, ka'idar duniya da kuma tushen duk abubuwan da suka faru na halitta. * "Biyu marasa iyaka" sun fito daga naúrar. Biyu shine ka'idar adawa, rashin fahimta a yanayi. * Duk sauran lambobi sun fito ne daga duality mara iyaka - maki suna fitowa daga lambobi - daga maki - layi - daga layi - lambobi masu lebur - daga lambobi masu laushi - adadi mai girma uku - daga adadi mai girma uku - daga nau'o'in nau'i uku masu tsinkaye na sha'awa, wanda aka haifi asali hudu. - motsi da jujjuya gaba ɗaya, suna samar da duniya - mai hankali, mai siffar siffar, a tsakiyarta, ƙasa kuma tana da siffar zobe kuma tana zaune a kowane bangare.
Cosmology.
* Motsi na sama-sama yana biyayya da sanannun alaƙar lissafi, yana samar da “jituwa na sassa”. * Dabi'a ta zama jiki (uku), kasancewar su ukun farkon farko da bangarorinta masu sabani. * Hudu - siffar abubuwa hudu na yanayi. * Goma ita ce “shekaru goma masu tsarki”, tushen kirgawa da dukkan sufancin lambobi, siffa ce ta sararin samaniya, wacce ta ƙunshi sassa goma na sama da haske goma.
Cognition.
* Sanin duniya bisa ga Pythagoras yana nufin sanin lambobin da ke mulkinta. * Pythagoras ya ɗauki tsantsar tunani (sophia) a matsayin mafi girman nau'in ilimi. * Halayen sihiri da hanyoyin sufanci na sani.
Community.
* Pythagoras ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da dimokuradiyya, a ra'ayinsa, dole ne masu zanga-zangar su yi biyayya ga manyan sarakuna. * Pythagoras ya ɗauki addini da ɗabi'a a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke ba da umurni ga al'umma. * “Yaɗa addini” na duniya shine ainihin aikin kowane memba na ƙungiyar Pythagorean.
Icsabi'a.
Ka'idodin ɗabi'a a cikin Pythagoreanism sun kasance a wasu wurare maimakon m. Misali, an bayyana adalci a matsayin “lambar da aka ninka da kanta”. Duk da haka, babban ka'idar da'a ita ce rashin tashin hankali (ahimsa), rashin ciwo da wahala ga dukan sauran halittu.
Kurwa.
* Rai ba ya mutuwa, kuma jikkuna kaburburan rai ne. *Ruhu yana tafiya ta zagayen reincarnations a jikin duniya.
Allah.
Allolin halittu iri ɗaya ne da mutane, suna ƙarƙashin kaddara, amma sun fi ƙarfi kuma suna rayuwa tsawon rai.
Mutum
Mutum gaba daya yana karkashin alloli ne.
Daga cikin cancantar Pythagoras da babu shakka kafin falsafar, ya kamata mutum ya haɗa da gaskiyar cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko a cikin tarihin tsohuwar falsafar don yin magana a cikin harshen kimiyya game da metempsychosis, reincarnation, juyin halittar ruhohi na ruhaniya da ƙaura daga jiki ɗaya. zuwa wani. Shawarar sa game da ra'ayin metampsychosis wani lokaci ya ɗauki nau'i mafi ban mamaki: da zarar masanin falsafa ya hana cin zarafin ɗan kwikwiyo a kan dalilin cewa, a cikin ra'ayinsa, wannan kwikwiyo yana da bayyanar mutum a cikin jiki na baya kuma ya kasance abokin Pythagoras.
Tunanin metempsychosis daga baya masanin falsafa Plato zai yarda da shi kuma ya haɓaka shi ya zama ainihin ra'ayi na falsafa, kuma a gaban Pythagoras masu shahararsa da masu ba da furci su ne Orphics. Kamar masu goyon bayan kungiyar Olympia, Orphics suna da nasu tatsuniyoyi na "m" game da asalin duniya - alal misali, ra'ayin uXNUMXbuXNUMXbits haihuwa daga babban amfrayo-kwai.
Duniyar duniyarmu tana da siffar kwai kuma bisa ga sararin samaniyar Puranas (tsohuwar Indiyawa, rubutun Vedic). Alal misali, a cikin “Mahabharata” mun karanta cewa: “A cikin wannan duniyar, lokacin da aka lulluɓe shi a cikin duhu ta kowane bangare ba tare da haske da haske ba, babban kwai ɗaya ya bayyana a farkon yuga a matsayin tushen halitta, iri na har abada. na dukkan halittu, wanda ake kira Mahadivya (Babban abin bautawa) “.
Daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa lokacin a Orphism, daga ra'ayi na gaba samuwar falsafar Girkanci, shi ne koyaswar metempsychosis - canjawar rayuka, wanda ya sa wannan al'adar Hellenic da ke da alaka da ra'ayoyin Indiya game da samsara (zagayowar haihuwa da kuma sake zagayowar haihuwa). mutuwa) da dokar karma (dokar reincarnation daidai da aiki) .
Idan rayuwar Homer ta duniya ta fi dacewa da lahira, to Orphics suna da akasin haka: rayuwa tana shan wahala, rai a cikin jiki yana da ƙasa. Jiki shine kabari da kurkukun rai. Makasudin rayuwa shine 'yantar da rai daga jiki, cin nasara akan doka marar iyaka, karya jerin reincarnations da isa "tsibirin mai albarka" bayan mutuwa.
Wannan ainihin ƙa'idar axiological (darajar) tana ƙarƙashin ayyukan tsarkakewa waɗanda Orphics da Pythagoreans ke yi. Pythagoras ya karbe daga Orphics ka'idodin al'ada-ascetic na shirye-shiryen don "rayuwa mai ni'ima", bayan da ya gina ilimi a makarantunsa bisa ga nau'in tsari na monastic. Tsarin Pythagorean yana da nasa matsayi, nasa hadaddun bukukuwan da kuma tsauraran tsarin farawa. Manyan odar su ne masanan lissafi ("esoterics"). Amma ga masu acusmatists ("exoterics", ko novices), waje ne kawai, sassauƙan ɓangaren koyaswar Pythagorean yana samuwa gare su.
Duk membobin al'umma sun yi salon rayuwa mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya haɗa da haramcin abinci da yawa, musamman haramcin cin abincin dabbobi. Pythagoras babban mai cin ganyayyaki ne. A kan misalin rayuwarsa, mun fara lura da yadda ilimin falsafa ya haɗu da halayen falsafa, wanda cibiyarsa ita ce tawali'u da sadaukarwa mai amfani.
Pythagoras ya kasance mai ban mamaki, muhimmiyar dukiya ta ruhaniya, abokin hikima mara canzawa. Duk da irin sukar da ɗan falsafa na dā ya yi na rashin tausayi, bai kamata a manta ba, cewa shi ɗan tsibiri ne daga tsibirin Samos, wanda a wani lokaci ya ayyana falsafa a matsayin haka. Lokacin da azzalumi Leontes na Phlius ya tambayi Pythagoras ko wanene shi, Pythagoras ya amsa da cewa: "Filosopher". Wannan kalmar ba ta saba wa Leont ba, kuma Pythagoras dole ne ya bayyana ma'anar neologism.
"Rayuwa," in ji shi, "kamar wasanni: wasu suna zuwa don yin gasa, wasu don fatauci, kuma mafi farin ciki don kallo; haka ma a rayuwa wasu, kamar bayi, an haife su suna kwadayin daukaka da riba, yayin da masana falsafa ke kan gaskiya kawai.
A ƙarshe, zan kawo ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a guda biyu na Pythagoras, suna nuna a sarari cewa a cikin mutumin wannan mai tunani, tunanin Girka a karon farko ya kusanci fahimtar hikima, da farko a matsayin ɗabi'a mai kyau, wato, yin aiki: “Mutumin yana da kyau ta wurin. kamanni, kuma mutum bisa ga ayyukansa.” "Ka auna sha'awarka, auna tunaninka, ƙidaya kalmominka."
Kalma na waka:
Ba ya ɗaukar yawa don zama mai cin ganyayyaki - kawai kuna buƙatar ɗaukar matakin farko. Duk da haka, mataki na farko sau da yawa shine mafi wuya. Lokacin da aka tambayi Shahararren Malamin Sufaye Shibli dalilin da ya sa ya zabi Tafarki na inganta ruhi, sai maigidan ya amsa da cewa, wani bataccen kwikwiyo ne ya motsa shi da ya ga irin tunaninsa a cikin wani kududdufi. Mu tambayi kanmu: ta yaya labarin ɗan kwikwiyo da kuma yadda ya yi tunani a cikin kududdufi ya taka rawar alama a cikin makomar Sufaye? Dan kwikwiyo ya ji tsoron tunaninsa, sai kishirwa ta mamaye tsoronsa, ya rufe idanunsa, ya yi tsalle ya shiga cikin wani kududdufi, ya fara sha. Haka kuma, kowannenmu, idan muka yanke shawarar shiga tafarkin kamala, ya kamata, da jin ƙishirwa, mu faɗi ga tushen rai, mu daina juya jikinmu zuwa sarcophagus (!) - gidan mutuwa. , kullum muna binne naman dabbobin da aka azabtar a cikin namu.
-- Sergey Dvoryanov, Dan takarar Kimiyyar Falsafa, Mataimakin Farfesa na Sashen Fasaha na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jihar Moscow, Shugaban Cibiyar Falsafa ta Gabas-Yamma da Ƙungiyar Jarida, yana yin salon cin ganyayyaki na shekaru 12 (ɗa - 11 shekaru, mai cin ganyayyaki). daga haihuwa)