Kadan daga cikinmu sun ji labarin tsiron holly na Paraguay. Wataƙila saboda yana tsiro ne kawai a Kudancin Amurka, a Argentina da Paraguay. Amma ita wannan shuka maras fa'ida kuma mara rubutu wacce ke ba wa mutane ma'aurata - ko yerbu mate, abin sha wanda allahn mai idanu mai launin shudi Paya Sharume ya gabatar wa Indiyawa. Mate na ƙarni da yawa ya taimaka wa Indiyawan da ke zaune a cikin mawuyacin hali na selva, sannan makiyaya-gauchos. Yanzu mazaunan megacities, waɗanda rayuwarsu ta yi kama da squirrel a cikin dabaran, suna ƙara yin amfani da kaddarorin sa na musamman. Yana ƙarfafawa da dumi, kwantar da hankali da kuma ciyarwa, kuma al'adun shan shi sun yi kama da ainihin al'ada - mai ban mamaki da ban sha'awa, kamar Kudancin Amirka kanta.
An dauki Mate da kyau a matsayin abin sha mafi tsufa a duniya: tun farkon karni na bakwai BC, Indiyawan Kudancin Amurka sun girmama shi a matsayin kyauta daga alloli. Akwai labari na Indiyawan Paraguay game da tabarma. Ko ta yaya, Allah mai launin shuɗi mai idanu Paya Sharume ya yanke shawarar saukowa daga duniyar tsaunin zuwa duniya don ganin yadda mutane ke rayuwa. Shi da mukarrabansa da dama sun dade suna tafiya cikin selva, babu abinci da ruwa, har daga karshe suka ga wata bukka kadai. A cikinta ne wani dattijo ya zauna tare da 'yar kyakkyawa mai ban mamaki. Dattijon ya yi wa baqi sallama, ya ba wa kajinsa guda ɗaya abincin dare, ya bar su suka kwana. Washe gari Paya Sharume ya tambayi me yasa suka zauna a cikin wannan keɓe? Bayan haka, yarinya mai irin wannan kyakkyawa mai ban mamaki tana buƙatar ango mai arziki. Sai dattijon ya amsa da cewa kyawun 'yarsa na alloli ne. Cike da mamaki Paya Sharume ya yanke shawarar godewa masu masaukin baki: ya koya wa dattijon noma, ya ba shi ilimin waraka, ya mai da kyakkyawar ‘yarsa wata shuka wacce ba za ta taimaki mutane da kyawunta ba, amma da amfaninta – zuwa ga a Paraguay holly.
A cikin karni na XNUMX, mulkin mallaka na Turai na nahiyar ya fara, kuma sufaye Jesuit na Mutanen Espanya sun koyi game da tabarma. Daga gare su ne abin sha ya ɗauki sunan tarihin "mate", amma wannan kalma yana nufin busassun kabewa - mati, daga abin da ake sha "Tea Paraguay". Indiyawan Guarani da kansu suna kiranta "yerba", wanda ke nufin "ciyawa".
Masu Jesuit sun ɗauki al'adar shan ma'aurata a cikin da'ira a matsayin al'ada na diabolical, kuma abin sha da kansa wani magani ne da aka tsara don yin sihiri da lalata, don haka an kawar da al'adun shayarwa ta hanyar zalunci. Don haka, Padre Diego de Torres ya yi iƙirarin cewa Indiyawan suna shayar da abokin aurensu domin su ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa da shaidan.
Duk da haka, wata hanya ko wata, abokin aure - kamar sha'awar - ya fara shiga cikin Turai a karkashin sunan "Jesuit tea".
В XIX karni, bayan jerin juyin juya halin 'yanci a Kudancin Amirka, an sake tunawa da tabarma: a matsayin alama ta ainihi na kasa, ya dauki girman kai a teburin ba kawai na mutane ba, amma har ma da sabon aristocracy na Argentina da Paraguay. Akwai salon salon kayan shayarwa. Don haka, tare da taimakon calabash mai rufaffiyar murfi, wata budurwa za ta iya nuna wa mutum mai tsayin daka cewa bai yi mata kyau ba. Aboki mai dadi tare da zuma yana nufin abokantaka, mai ɗaci - rashin damuwa, abokin tarayya tare da molasses yayi magana game da sha'awar masoya.
Don gauchos masu sauƙi, makiyaya daga Kudancin Amurka, abokin aure ya kasance fiye da abin sha kawai. Ya sami damar kashe ƙishirwa a cikin zafin rana, dumi da dare, yana ciyarwa da ƙarfi don sabon doguwar garken shanu. A al'ada, gauchos ya sha mai ɗaci, mai karfi mai karfi - alama ce ta ainihin mutum, laconic kuma ya saba da rayuwar nomadic. Kamar yadda wasu masu bincike na al'adun Kudancin Amirka suka lura, yana da kyau gaucho ya tashi sa'o'i biyu da wuri fiye da yadda ake tsammani kawai ya sha a hankali.
Akwai al'adun sha da yawa, waɗanda duk na yanki ne.
Ga Argentina, babban mai samar da abin sha a yau, shayarwa uwa shine taron dangi, kawai ga kunkuntar mutane.
Kuma idan an gayyace ku zuwa Argentina don saduwa da yamma, ku tabbata cewa an amince da ku kuma an ɗauke ku a matsayin ƙaunataccen. Yana da al'ada a yi wasa da tebur, raba labarai, kuma abokin aure yana taka rawar haɗin kai, kamar yadda ake zagayawa da tulun kabewa. Mai gidan da kansa yakan yi wa abokin aure hidima kuma ya fara yi masa hidima ga wanda ake girmamawa a cikin iyali.
Duk da haka, a cikin Paraguay, labarin mabanbanta yana da alaƙa da farkon sip na abokin aure: wanda ya yi shi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wawa. Duk waɗanda suka shiga cikin matepita sun ƙi shi, kuma duk da haka wanda ya sami irin wannan rabo koyaushe zai tofa a kafaɗarsa da kalmomin: “Ni ba wawa ba ne, amma wanda ya ƙi shi.”
’Yan Brazil suna shayar da ma’aurata a cikin wata katuwar vatanci, kuma wanda ke zuba shayi ga masu sauraro ana kiransa “cebador” – “stoker”. Stoker yana tabbatar da cewa koyaushe akwai itace da gawayi a cikin tanda, kuma "cebador" yana da alhakin tabbatar da cewa baƙi koyaushe suna sha a cikin calabash.
Kawai a cikin 30s XX karni a kan tabarma ya sake jawo hankali ba kawai a cikin mahaifarsa ba. Masana kimiyya na Turai sun kasance masu sha'awar gaskiyar cewa gauchos na Argentine a lokacin dogayen shanu na iya ciyar da rana ɗaya a cikin sirdi - ba tare da hutawa ba, a ƙarƙashin rana mai zafi, ta amfani da jiko na Paraguay holly kawai. A cikin binciken da Cibiyar Pasteur da ke birnin Paris ta gudanar, ya nuna cewa danyen kayan shukar selva da ba a san shi ba ya ƙunshi kusan dukkanin sinadirai da bitamin da mutum yake bukata a kullum! Ganyen holly na Paraguay sun ƙunshi bitamin A, bitamin B, bitamin C, E, P, potassium, manganese, sodium, baƙin ƙarfe da kusan 196 ƙarin abubuwa masu aiki! Wannan "cocktail" ne ya sa abokin aure ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin yaki da gajiya mai tsanani, damuwa, da neurosis: yana ƙarfafawa da kuma kawar da damuwa a lokaci guda. Mate yana da mahimmanci kawai ga mutanen da ke da matsala tare da matsa lamba: yana ƙara ƙananan matsa lamba, kuma yana rage matsa lamba. Sa'an nan kuma, abokin aure abin sha ne mai dadi sosai tare da zaƙi kuma a lokaci guda tart bayanin kula.
Menene hanya madaidaiciya don dafa ma'aurata? A al'adance, ana dafa shi a cikin busasshiyar gour amma gare kukamar yadda Indiyawan Kudancin Amurka ke kiransa. A Rasha, sunan "kalabas" ko "calabash" (daga Mutanen Espanya "kabewa") ya samo asali. Ita ce kabewa, da ke da tsari mai ƙuri'a, wanda ke ba da tabarma daɗin dandano na musamman kuma mai iya ganewa.
Amma kafin ma'aurata na farko, ana buƙatar rayar da calabash: don wannan, ana zuba mate a ciki (kimanin rabin calabash yana cike da busassun cakuda), a zuba da ruwa a bar shi har tsawon kwana biyu ko uku. Anyi wannan ne domin tannins da ke cikin tabarma suna "aiki ta hanyar" tsarin porous na gourd da kuma tsaftace shi da ƙamshi mai yawa. Bayan wannan lokacin, ana tsabtace kabewa kuma an bushe. Gabaɗaya, kulawa mai kyau ya zama dole don calabash: bayan kowane matepita, dole ne a tsabtace shi sosai kuma a bushe.
Wani abin da ake buƙata don matepita mai kyau shine bombilla - wani nau'in tube wanda ake shayar da abin sha a hankali. A al'adance, an yi shi da azurfa, wanda shine kyakkyawan maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta, kuma an ba da al'adar Kudancin Amirka na shan abokin tarayya daga wani jirgin ruwa a cikin da'irar, wannan ya zama dole. An nutsar da sandar a cikin ruwa tare da abin sha, ya juya zuwa ga mai shayarwa. Ana ganin ba za a yarda da shi ba bayan haka don motsa bam ɗin har ma fiye da haka don cire shi.
Kuma ba shakka, ba za a iya cewa game da pave ba – makwabci na musamman mai kunkuntar spout wanda ake dumama ruwa ga abokin aure. Dole ne a kawo ruwa zuwa tafasa, sannan a bar shi ya yi sanyi zuwa digiri 70-80.
Tabbas, a zamanin yau, yana da wuya a sami sa'o'i don shayarwa da kwanciyar hankali, amma ma'aurata kuma ana iya dafa su a cikin jaridu na Faransanci na yau da kullum. "Zest" zai ɓace, amma wannan ba zai shafi kaddarorin masu amfani na samfurin ba.
Mate, shayi na Incas da Jesuits, wani hadaddiyar giyar halitta ce ta musamman wacce ke ba wa mutane Paraguay holly, wani tsiro mara fa'ida da ke tsiro a cikin sel na Argentine, wanda rana ta kore shi. Abin sha na gauchos masu ƙarfin zuciya da kyawawan 'yan Argentine senoritas sun sami karbuwa a cikin al'adun birni.
Tabbas, a cikin tsarin rayuwar yau da kullun, inda duk abin da ke da ban sha'awa kuma ba a bayyana inda kuma dalilin da yasa suke gaggawa ba, ba koyaushe lokaci da damar yin shayarwa ta gaske ba. Duk da haka, wanda ya yaba calabash da bombilla mate ba zai iya shan abokin da aka yi a cikin jarida na Faransa ba. Snobbery? Wataƙila. Amma yaya kyau, sipping abokin tarayya ta cikin bombilla, yi tunanin kanka a matsayin m gaucho, duba cikin tsanani selva.
Rubutu: Lilia Ostapenko