Me za a yi da magudanar ruwa mara iyaka na sharar filastik idan ba mu so ta manne da rassan bishiya, yin iyo a cikin tekuna, da cushe cikin tsuntsayen teku da kifaye?
A cewar wani rahoto da dandalin tattalin arzikin duniya ya fitar, ana sa ran samar da robobi zai ninka cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa. A lokaci guda kuma, kusan kashi 30% na robobi ana sake yin amfani da su a Turai, kashi 9% ne kawai a Amurka, kuma a yawancin kasashe masu tasowa suna sake sarrafa mafi kankantar sa ko kuma ba sa sake sarrafa su kwata-kwata.
A cikin Janairun 2019, ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar masana'antun man petrochemical da kamfanonin kayayyakin masarufi da ake kira Alliance to Fight Plastic Waste sun himmatu wajen kashe dala biliyan 1,5 don magance matsalar sama da shekaru biyar. Manufar su ita ce tallafawa madadin kayan aiki da tsarin isarwa, haɓaka shirye-shiryen sake yin amfani da su, kuma - mafi yawan jayayya - haɓaka fasahohin da ke canza filastik zuwa man fetur ko makamashi.
Tsire-tsire da ke ƙone filastik da sauran sharar gida na iya samar da isasshen zafi da tururi don ƙarfafa tsarin gida. Tarayyar Turai, wacce ke hana zubar da shara, ta riga ta ƙona kusan kashi 42% na sharar ta; Amurka tana ƙone 12,5%. A cewar Majalisar Makamashi ta Duniya, wata hanyar sadarwa da Amurka ta amince da ita mai wakiltar hanyoyin samar da makamashi da fasahohi, mai yuwuwa bangaren aikin samar da makamashi zai iya samun ci gaba mai karfi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, musamman a yankin Asiya da tekun Pasific. Tuni dai akwai wuraren sake yin amfani da su kusan 300 a kasar Sin, inda ake ci gaba da bunkasa wasu daruruwa.
"Yayinda kasashe irin su China ke rufe kofofinsu na shigo da sharar gida daga wasu kasashe, kuma yayin da masana'antun sarrafa kaya masu nauyi suka kasa shawo kan matsalar gurbataccen robobi, za a kara inganta konawa a matsayin madadin sauki," in ji kakakin Greenpeace John Hochevar.
Amma yana da kyau ra'ayi?
Tunanin kona sharar filastik don ƙirƙirar sautin makamashi mai ma'ana: bayan haka, filastik an yi shi daga hydrocarbons, kamar mai, kuma yana da yawa fiye da kwal. Amma faɗaɗa ƙona sharar na iya zama cikas ta wasu nuances.
Bari mu fara da gaskiyar cewa wurin da ake da sharar gida-zuwa-makamashi yana da wahala: babu wanda yake so ya zauna kusa da wata shuka, kusa da inda za a sami babban juji da kuma daruruwan motocin datti a rana. Yawanci, waɗannan masana'antu suna kusa da al'ummomin masu karamin karfi. A cikin Amurka, sabon incinerator guda ɗaya ne aka gina tun 1997.
Manyan masana'antu suna samar da isassun wutar lantarki da za su iya ba da wutar lantarki ga dubban gidaje. Sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa sake yin amfani da sharar robobi na adana karin kuzari ta hanyar rage bukatar hako mai don samar da sabbin robobi.
A ƙarshe, tsire-tsire masu amfani da makamashi na iya sakin abubuwa masu guba kamar dioxins, gas ɗin acid, da karafa masu nauyi, kodayake a ƙananan matakan. Masana'antu na zamani suna amfani da matattara don tarko waɗannan abubuwa, amma kamar yadda Majalisar Makamashi ta Duniya ta bayyana a cikin rahoton 2017: "Waɗannan fasahohin suna da amfani idan masu ƙonewa suna aiki da kyau kuma ana sarrafa hayaki." Wasu ƙwararrun sun damu cewa ƙasashen da ba su da dokokin muhalli ko kuma ba su aiwatar da tsauraran matakai ba na iya ƙoƙarin yin tanadin kuɗi don sarrafa hayaƙi.
A ƙarshe, kona sharar gida yana fitar da iskar gas. A cikin 2016, masu ƙonewa na Amurka sun samar da tan miliyan 12 na carbon dioxide, fiye da rabin abin da ya fito daga kona filastik.
Shin akwai hanya mafi aminci don ƙone sharar gida?
Wata hanyar mayar da sharar gida makamashi ita ce iskar gas, tsarin da ake narkar da robobi a yanayin zafi mai tsananin gaske a cikin kusan rashin iskar oxygen (wanda ke nufin ba a samu gubobi irin su dioxins da furans ba). Amma iskar gas a halin yanzu ba ta da gasa saboda ƙarancin farashin iskar gas.
Wani fasaha mai ban sha'awa shine pyrolysis, wanda filastik ke shredded kuma yana narke a ƙananan yanayin zafi fiye da gasification da kuma amfani da ko da ƙasa da iskar oxygen. Zafi yana rushe polymers ɗin filastik zuwa ƙananan hydrocarbons waɗanda za a iya sarrafa su zuwa man dizal da ma sauran sinadarai na petrochemicals, ciki har da sababbin robobi.
A halin yanzu akwai kananan masana'antar pyrolysis guda bakwai da ke aiki a Amurka, wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna cikin lokacin zanga-zangar, kuma fasahar tana fadada duniya tare da bude wuraren aiki a Turai, China, Indiya, Indonesia da Philippines. Majalisar Amurka kan Chemistry ta yi kiyasin cewa za a iya bude tsire-tsire 600 na pyrolysis a Amurka, suna sarrafa tan 30 na robobi a kowace rana, na kusan tan miliyan 6,5 a kowace shekara - kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na tan miliyan 34,5. na sharar robobin da kasar ke samarwa a yanzu.
Fasahar Pyrolysis na iya ɗaukar fina-finai, jakunkuna da kayan da yawa waɗanda yawancin fasahar sarrafa injin ba za su iya ɗauka ba. Bugu da ƙari, ba ta haifar da gurɓataccen abu mai cutarwa sai ɗan ƙaramin carbon dioxide.
A gefe guda, masu sukar sun bayyana pyrolysis a matsayin fasaha mai tsada kuma marar girma. A halin yanzu har yanzu yana da arha don samar da dizal daga albarkatun mai fiye da daga sharar filastik.
Amma shin makamashi ne mai sabuntawa?
Shin man fetur na filastik abu ne mai sabuntawa? A cikin Tarayyar Turai, sharar gida na bioogenic ne kawai ake ɗaukar sabuntawa. A cikin Amurka, jihohi 16 suna ɗaukar datti na birni, gami da filastik, a matsayin tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa. Amma filastik ba a sabunta shi daidai da itace, takarda ko auduga. Filastik ba ya girma daga hasken rana: muna yin shi daga burbushin mai da ake hakowa daga ƙasa, kuma kowane mataki na tsari na iya haifar da gurɓatacce.
Rob Opsomer na gidauniyar Ellen MacArthur, ya ce: "Lokacin da kuka fitar da albarkatun mai daga ƙasa, ku yi robobi daga cikinsu, sannan ku ƙone waɗannan robobin don kuzari, zai bayyana a fili cewa wannan ba da'ira ba ce, amma layi ne," in ji Rob Opsomer na gidauniyar Ellen MacArthur, wanda ke haɓakawa. tattalin arzikin madauwari. amfani da samfur. Ya kara da cewa: "Za a iya daukar Pyrolysis wani bangare na tattalin arzikin madauwari idan aka yi amfani da abubuwan da aka fitar a matsayin albarkatun kasa don sabbin kayayyaki masu inganci, gami da robobi masu dorewa."
Magoya bayan wata al'umma ta da'ira sun damu da cewa duk wata hanyar da za a bi don canza sharar robobi zuwa makamashi ba ta da wani tasiri wajen rage bukatar sabbin kayayyakin robobi, da rage sauyin yanayi. "Don mayar da hankali kan waɗannan hanyoyin shine a nisanta daga ainihin mafita," in ji Claire Arkin, memba na Global Alliance for Waste Incineration Alternatives, wanda ke ba da mafita kan yadda ake amfani da ƙarancin filastik, sake amfani da shi, da sake sake sarrafa su.