Ta mahangar ilimin halitta. gafara ya zo daga Latin don gafartawa kuma yana bayyana aikin” ba gaba daya ".

Bayan fage na asali, gafara yana da wuya a ayyana shi.

Don Aubriot, gafara a anga" akan wani alheri, mai karewa amma duka, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da sakamako (hukumcin) wanda aka yi la'akari da shi na al'ada kuma ya dace da wani laifi ko laifi da aka sani. ".

Ga masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Robin Casarjian, gafara shine " Halin alhakin zaɓin ra'ayoyinmu, yanke shawara don ganin bayan halin mutum mai laifi, tsarin canza tunaninmu [...] wanda ya canza mu daga wanda aka azabtar zuwa mai haɗin gwiwar gaskiyar mu. »

Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Jean Monbourquette ya fi so ayyana gafara da abin da ba haka ba : mantuwa, ƙaryata, umarni, uzuri, nuna fifikon ɗabi'a, sulhu.

Ilimin halin dan Adam na zamani yana ƙara fahimtar dabi'un warkewa na gafara, koda kuwa har yanzu yana da iyaka: a cikin 2005, masanin ilimin likitancin Faransa Christophe André ya furta cewa " duk wannan majagaba ne mai adalci, amma gafara yanzu yana da matsayinsa a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam. Daga cikin likitocin Faransa masu tabin hankali dubu goma, har yanzu muna iya ɗari don yin nuni ga wannan halin yanzu na ilimin halin ɗan adam wanda ya bayyana shekaru ashirin da suka gabata a Amurka. ".

Laifi, ko cin zarafi ne, cin zarafi, fyade, cin amana ko rashin adalci yana shafar wanda aka yi masa laifi a cikin ruhinsa kuma yana haifar da rauni mai zurfi wanda ke haifar da mummunan ra'ayi (fushi, bakin ciki, bacin rai, sha'awar ramawa, damuwa). , Rasa girman kai, rashin iya tattarawa ko ƙirƙira, rashin yarda, laifi, rasa kyakkyawan fata) haifar da rashin lafiyar hankali da ta jiki.

Dance Warkar da duk rashin daidaito, Dokta Carl Simonton ya nuna dangantakar da ke da alaka da mummunan motsin rai genesis na ciwon daji.

Masanin ilimin hauka dan kasar Isra'ila Morton Kaufman ya gano cewa gafara yana kaiwa ga mafi girma na tunanin balaga yayin da likitan hauka dan Amurka Richard Fitzgibbons ya samu a can rage tsoro da kuma likitan hauka na Kanada R. Hunter a rage damuwa, damuwa, fushi mai tsanani har ma da paranoia.

A ƙarshe, masanin tauhidi Smedes ya yi imanin cewa sakin bacin rai sau da yawa ajizai ne kuma / ko yana iya ɗaukar watanni ko shekaru masu zuwa. Kawai cewa "Na gafarta muku" yawanci bai isa ba, kodayake yana iya zama muhimmin mataki na farawa, a fara gafartawa da gaske.

Luskin ya ayyana wani tsari na tsarin warkewa na gafara:

• gafara yana bin wannan tsari ba tare da la'akari da laifin da ya shafi ba;
• gafara ya shafi rayuwa ta yanzu ba tsohon mutum ba;
• gafara aiki ne mai gudana wanda ya dace a kowane yanayi.

Ga mawallafa Enright da Freedman, kashi na farko na tsari yana da hankali a cikin yanayi: mutumin ya yanke shawarar cewa suna so su gafarta saboda dalili ɗaya ko wani. Wataƙila ta yi imani, alal misali, cewa zai yi kyau ga lafiyarta ko kuma aurenta.

A wannan matakin, yawanci ba ta jin tausayi ga mai laifin. Bayan haka, bayan wani lokaci na aikin fahimi, mutum ya shiga cikin yanayin motsin rai inda a hankali ya haɓaka a empathy ga mai laifin ta hanyar nazarin yanayin rayuwa da ka iya kai shi ga aikata zaluncin da ta sha. Gafara da gaske zai fara a wannan matakin da tausayawa, wani lokacin ma har da tausayi, ya bayyana ya maye gurbin bacin rai da ƙiyayya.

A mataki na ƙarshe, babu wani mummunan motsin rai da zai sake tashi lokacin da aka ambaci ko tuna halin da ake ciki.

A cikin 1985, ƙungiyar masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Wisconsin sun fara tunani kan wurin gafartawa a cikin kasuwancin psychotherapeutic. Yana ba da samfurin shiga tsakani da aka kasu kashi 4 kuma masana ilimin halayyar dan adam da yawa sun yi amfani da su cikin nasara.

Mataki na 1 - Sake gano fushin ku

Ta yaya kuka guje wa fuskantar fushin ku?

Shin kun fuskanci fushin ku?

Kuna tsoron fallasa kunyar ku ko laifinku?

Shin fushinka ya shafi lafiyarka?

Shin kun damu da rauni ko mai laifin?

Kuna kwatanta yanayin ku da na mai laifi?

Raunin ya haifar da canji na dindindin a rayuwar ku?

Raunin ya canza ra'ayin ku game da duniya?

Mataki na 2 - Yanke shawarar gafartawa

Yanke shawarar cewa abin da kuka yi bai yi aiki ba.

A shirya don fara aikin gafara.

Yanke shawarar gafartawa.

Mataki na 3 - Yi aiki akan gafara.

Yi aiki akan fahimta.

Aiki akan tausayi.

Yarda da wahala.

Ka ba mai laifin kyauta.

Mataki na 4 - Ganowa da saki daga kurkukun motsin rai

Gano ma'anar wahala.

Nemo buqatar ku na gafara.

Ka gano cewa ba kai kaɗai ba ne.

Nemo makasudin rayuwar ku.

Gano 'yancin gafartawa.

« Ƙiyayya ta tayar da nau'ikan chic, ba ta da sha'awar tunanin chimerical waɗanda ke da ƙauna kawai, waɗanda ake zaton tagwaye, ɗan lalacewa na jama'a. Kiyayya ([…] wannan iko na motsa jiki, wanda aka ba shi da ƙarfi mai haɗa kai da kuzari) yana zama maganin tsoro, wanda ke sa mu rashin ƙarfi. Yana ba da ƙarfin hali, yana ƙirƙira abin da ba zai yuwu ba, yana tona ramuka a ƙarƙashin shingen waya. Idan mai rauni bai ƙi ba, ƙarfi zai kasance ƙarfi har abada. Kuma dauloli za su kasance madawwama » debray 2003

« Gafara yana ba mu damar fara karba har ma mu ƙaunaci waɗanda suka cutar da mu. Wannan shine mataki na ƙarshe na 'yanci na ciki » John Vanier

« Kamar yadda wasu ke koya wa ɗalibansu yin piano ko jin Sinanci. Kadan kadan, muna ganin mutane suna aiki da kyau, suna ƙara samun 'yanci, amma ba kasafai suke aiki ta dannawa ba. Sau da yawa gafara yana aiki tare da jinkirin sakamako… muna sake ganin su watanni shida, bayan shekara guda, kuma sun canza sosai… yanayi ya fi kyau… akwai haɓakar ƙimar girman kai. » De Sairigne, 2006.