Bronchiectasis shine dilation da lalata bronchi saboda kamuwa da cuta da kumburi na kullum. Abubuwan da aka fi sani sun haɗa da cystic fibrosis, raunin rigakafi, da cututtuka masu yawa. Mafi yawan alamun bayyanar cututtuka sune tari na yau da kullum, tari sama da sputum, zazzabi, da dyspnea. Jiyya da rigakafin munanan hare-hare sun haɗa da gudanar da maganin bronchodilators da maganin rigakafi, kawar da ɓarna, da kula da rikice-rikice irin su hemoptysis da sauran lalacewar huhu saboda juriya ko kamuwa da cuta.

Bronchiectasias sune canje-canjen ilimin halittar jiki da ba za a iya jurewa ba (faɗawa, nakasawa) da ƙarancin aiki na bronchi, wanda ke haifar da cututtukan huhu na yau da kullun. Dukkan hadaddun sauye-sauye na huhu da na waje a gaban mashako ana kiransa bronchiectasis.

An gano Bronchiectasis a karon farko a cikin 1819, ta Doctor René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec, wanda ya kirkiro stethoscope. Wannan wani ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓangarori ne na buroshi, sakamakon lalacewar bangon hanyoyin da ba za a iya jurewa ba, yana haifar da tarin ƙumburi wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da huhu. Wannan dilation na bronchi na iya shafar:

• yankuna da yawa na huhu: wannan ana kiransa daɗaɗɗen bronchiectasis;
• yanki ɗaya ko biyu na huhu: wannan ana kiransa mai da hankali bronchiectasis.

Bronchiectasis na iya tasowa a kowane zamani. Yaɗuwar sa yana ƙaruwa da shekaru da jima'i na mace. Dukkan shekaru a hade, yana daga 53 zuwa 556 lokuta a cikin 100 mazaunan kuma ya fi 000 a cikin 200 mazauna cikin waɗanda suka haura shekaru 100.

Hasashen ya bambanta sosai. Tare da maganin da ya dace da kuma biyo baya, mutanen da ke da bronchiectasis suna da tsawon rayuwa na al'ada. Sabanin haka, mutanen da ke fama da cutar sankarau mai tsanani, yanayi masu haɗuwa kamar mashako na yau da kullun ko emphysema, ko rikice-rikice kamar hauhawar jini na huhu ko cor pulmonale suna da ƙarancin hangen nesa. Hasashen ga marasa lafiya da cystic fibrosis shine mafi rashin jin daɗi, tare da rayuwa mai tsaka-tsaki na shekaru 36.

Magungunan rigakafi da shirye-shiryen rigakafi sun rage yawan bullar cutar sankarau a cikin ƙasashe masu arzikin masana'antu, yayin da wannan cutar ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a ƙasashe matalauta.

Bronchiectasis, haihuwa da kuma samu

Cutar sankarau ba ta da yawa kuma tana tasowa saboda raunin samuwar bishiyar buroshi. Alamar histological na bronchiectasis na haihuwa wani tsari ne na rashin daidaituwa na tsarin abubuwa na bronchi a bangon su.

Babban etiological factor samu bronchiectasis ne genetically ƙaddara kasa na Bronchial bishiyar (rashin ci gaban da abubuwa na Bronchial bango), wanda, a hade tare da nakasu Bronchial patency da bayyanar kumburi, take kaiwa zuwa m nakasawa na bronchi.

Samuwar bronchiectasis an fi inganta ta tari mai tsanani, m cututtuka na numfashi, kyanda, mashako, ciwon huhu, ciwon huhu, tarin fuka, jikin waje a cikin bishiyar tracheobronchial.

Babban gunaguni: tari tare da babban adadin purulent sputum, hemoptysis, ciwon kirji, rashin ƙarfi na numfashi, zazzabi, gumi, asarar nauyi da rage yawan aiki. Adadin da yanayin sputum ya dogara da matakin lalacewar ƙwayar cuta. Yana iya ƙunsar ƙazantattun jini da muji, wani wari mara daɗi.

Cutar da aka kwatanta da exacerbations da remissions. A lokacin tashin hankali, yanayin zafi yana tashi, ƙarancin numfashi, huɗa a cikin ƙirji, da kuma leɓuna masu shuɗi suna bayyana. A kan bango na dogon hanya, yatsun masu haƙuri suna samun sifa mai siffar ganga, da ƙusoshin - gilashin agogo. A hankali, yanayin gabaɗaya na majiyyaci yana ƙara tsananta.

Bronchiectasis sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar zub da jini na huhu, samuwar ƙurji, haɓaka fibrosis na huhu da emphysema, "cor pulmonale", amyloidosis.

Abubuwan da za su iya haifar da bronchiectasis sun bambanta sosai. Mafi yawan abin da ke haifar da cutar shi ne kamuwa da cuta na yau da kullun ko maimaitawa, wanda ke haifar da rashin lafiyar tsarin rigakafi ko lahani na haihuwa wanda ya shafi tsari ko aikin hanyoyin iska kuma yana taimakawa wajen toshe su.

Cututtuka na numfashi (bazuwa ko mai da hankali bronchiectasis)

Wadannan sun hada da:

• ciwon ciki;
• kyanda;
• mura;
• tarin fuka;
• numfashi syncytial virus cututtuka, da dai sauransu.

Mechanical obstructions na iska (focal bronchiectasis)

Kamar yadda:

• ciwon huhu;
• broncholithiasis;
• na kullum girma na lymphatic gland;
• inhaled jikin waje;
• canje-canje bayan tiyatar huhu;
• gamsai da sauransu.

Cututtukan kwayoyin halitta (bronchectasis yaduwa)

Don sani:

• Cistic fibrosis;
• primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), cuta na yau da kullun da ke nuna rashin ci gaban huhu daga haihuwa;
• Alpha-1-antitrypsin rashi, cuta da ke damun huhu da hanta.

Immunodeficiencies (difffuse ko mai da hankali bronchiectasis)

Kamar yadda:

• cututtuka na rashin rigakafi kamar AIDS;
• l'hypogammaglobulinémie, da dai sauransu.

Cututtuka na tsarin (bronchectasis mai yaduwa)

Wadannan sun hada da:

• rheumatoid amosanin gabbai;
• ulcerative colitis;
• Cutar Crohn;
• Sjögren ciwo;
• tsarin lupus erythematosus, da dai sauransu.

Immun-allergic (difffuse ko focal bronchiectasis)

Don sani:

• rashin lafiyar bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), rashin lafiyar naman gwari da ake kira Aspergillus, wanda ya fi faruwa a cikin mutanen da ke fama da asma ko cystic fibrosis, na iya haifar da tsummoki mai tsummoki wanda ke toshe hanyoyin iska.

Bronchiectasis kuma zai iya haifar da shakar abubuwa masu guba da ke haifar da lalacewa ga bronchi:

• tururin iskar iskar gas, hayaki (ciki har da hayakin taba) ko kura mai guba kamar silica ko ƙurar carbon;
• abinci ko acid na ciki.

Alamun yawanci suna farawa da wayo kuma suna daɗa tabarbarewa sannu a hankali tsawon shekaru, tare da ɓarna mai tsanani.

Wadannan sun hada da:

• tari na yau da kullun, alamar da aka fi sani da ita, wanda yawanci yakan faru a farkon safiya da kuma ƙarshen rana kuma yana haifar da kauri, yalwaci kuma sau da yawa purulent sputum. Girman wannan sputum na iya bambanta da yawa, da kuma launinsa (fari, rawaya, kore, koren duhu ko launin ruwan kasa);
• wahalar numfashi (dyspnea);
• rashin numfashi;
• sautin hayaniya da motsin iska ke haifarwa (hauhawar numfashi);
• ciwon kirji kamar pleural;
• zazzabi mai sake dawowa;
• gajiya mai tsanani;
• raguwar adadin iskar oxygen da ke cikin jini (hypoxemia);
• hauhawar jini na huhu;
• dama zuciya gazawar;
• tari sama da jini (hemoptysis).

Mummunan tashin hankali ya zama ruwan dare kuma yana iya zama saboda sabon kamuwa da cuta ko kuma tabarbarewar kamuwa da cuta. M flares na cutar suna alama ta muni tari, ƙara dyspnea, kazalika da girma da purulent sputum. Idan bronchiectasis yana da tsanani kuma mai tsanani, yawanci ana samun asarar nauyi.

Tare da maganin da ya dace, mutanen da ke fama da bronchiectasis na iya zama a barga na shekaru masu yawa kuma suna sarrafa alamun su da kyau. Jiyya na bronchiectasis yana nufin:

• hana exacerbations;
• bi da bayyanar cututtuka;
• inganta ingancin rayuwa;
• hana cutar da cutar.

Rigakafin exacerbations

• allurar rigakafi na yau da kullun kamar mura na shekara-shekara da alurar rigakafin pneumococcal wanda ke ba da kariya daga mafi yawan sanadin ƙwayoyin cuta na ciwon huhu;
• matakan kawar da iska;
• maganin rigakafi macrolide.

Maganin bayyanar cututtuka

• maganin rigakafi;
• inhaled bronchodilator;
• matakan kawar da iska (magungunan mucolytic);
• inhaled ko na baka corticosteroids;
• a lokuta da ba kasafai ba, tiyatar cire wani bangare na huhu idan cutar bronchiectasis ta shafi wani karamin bangare na huhu ko kuma idan wani bangare na huhu yana da rauni mai tsanani wanda ke haifar da cututtuka masu yawa ko kuma fitar da adadi mai yawa na jini lokacin tari;
• maganin oxygen idan ya cancanta don kauce wa rikitarwa irin su cor pulmonale;
• embolization na Bronchial arteries a cikin taron na hemoptysis.

Ingantattun ingancin rayuwa

• physiotherapy na numfashi (magudanar ruwa na baya, bugun kirji) don inganta magudanar ruwa da ƙwayoyin cuta;
• aikin jiki na yau da kullum don kawar da sputum kuma inganta aikin huhu mafi kyau;
• Abincin lafiya;
• humidating iska da shakar ruwan gishiri don rage kumburi da kumburin gamsai;
• zaman gyaran aikin numfashi na numfashi don inganta juriya na jiki da rage tasirin bayyanar cututtuka da tasiri na jiki da na tunanin rayuwar yau da kullum.

Hana cutar da cutar

• taimakon daina shan taba;
• maganin alurar riga kafi ;
• maganin rigakafi.

Ci gaban bronchiectasis a wasu mutane, galibi waɗanda ke da ci-gaban cystic fibrosis, ana iya bi da su ta hanyar dashen huhu. Yawan rayuwa na shekaru 5 yana tsakanin 65% da 75% don dashen huhu-zuciya ko duka dashen huhu. Ayyukan huhu yawanci yana inganta a cikin watanni 6 kuma ingantawa na iya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 5.

Dabarun jiyya na zamani

При бронхоэктазе назначают для устранения рефлекторных спазмов мелких бронхов. Таkже эffektyvnы mukolityky, razжижаю слизь и облегчающие е откашливание. Чтобы купировать воспаление, при лечении бронхоэктаза Для активизации собственных защитных сил организма в терапевтическую

Ключевая процедура консервативного лечения бронхоэктаза - кроты с последующим введением антибиотиков). При признаках кислородной недостаточности назначают кислородотерапию. Больному также kasa. Для общего укрепления организма показаны:

• abinci mai yawan kalori - 3000 kcal kowace rana;
• rage cin abinci far - aikin abinci mai arziki a cikin kayan abinci;
• bitamin far.

Bisa ga irreversibility na tsari, kuma, saboda haka, da rashin amfani na ra'ayin mazan jiya far, kawai m Hanyar zalunta bronchiectasis ya kamata a yi la'akari da tiyata, da ƙarar abin da ya dogara da yaduwar bronchiectasis.

Gyara, rigakafi, yiwuwar haɗari

Wani muhimmin sashi na hadaddun gyaran gyare-gyare na bronchiectasis shine gyaran salon rayuwa. Mai haƙuri yana buƙatar tafiya cikin iska mai daɗi, daina shan sigari kuma ya guje wa shan taba, cin abinci daidaitaccen abinci, motsa jiki, da motsa jiki a kai a kai.

Yana da mahimmanci a yi rajista tare da likitan huhu, halartar alƙawura na rigakafi tare da mitar da likita ya tsara, kuma, idan ya cancanta, ɗauki darussan ilimin motsa jiki. Cikakken rigakafin yana ba da magani na lokaci na cututtukan numfashi da taurin kai.

Ba tare da isassun magani na bronchiectasis, na kullum mashako, na huhu da zuciya gazawar, cor pulmonale, da mashako asma tasowa. Marasa lafiya sun fuskanci raguwar aiki da rashin ingancin rayuwa. Yana da matukar mahimmanci a tuntuɓi likita a kan lokaci don samun kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci.