Ganuwa ga idanunmu, duk da haka yana ba da tsaro, dare da rana. Ko don maganin ciwon kunne ko ciwon daji, tsarin rigakafi yana da mahimmanci.

Tsarin garkuwar jiki yana kunshe ne da tsarin hadaddun mu’amala da ke tattare da gabobin jiki, sel da abubuwa daban-daban. Yawancin sel ba a samun su a cikin jini, amma a cikin tarin gabobin da ake kira gabobin lymphoid.

• La kasusuwa da kuma thymus. Waɗannan gabobin suna samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi (lymphocytes).
• La rates, da nono, da tonsils da kuma kwayoyin lymphoid clusters located a kan mucous membranes na narkewa kamar fili, numfashi, al'aura da kuma urinary fili. Yawanci a cikin wadannan gabobin jikin ne ake kiran sel su amsa.

Gudun aikin tsarin rigakafi yana da matukar muhimmanci. Wannan ya dogara, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, akan ingantaccen sadarwa tsakanin 'yan wasan da abin ya shafa. Tsarin zuciya na zuciya shine kawai hanyar wucewa da ke haɗa gabobin lymphoid.

Kodayake har yanzu ba za mu iya yin bayanin duk hanyoyin ba, yanzu mun san cewa akwai ma'amala mai mahimmanci tsakanin tsarin rigakafi, tsarin juyayi da tsarin endocrine. Wasu ɓoyayyun sel na rigakafi sun yi kama da hormones da ke ɓoye ta glandon endocrin, kuma gabobin lymphoid suna da masu karɓar saƙon jijiya da na hormonal.

Ana iya raba matakan amsawar rigakafi zuwa biyu:

• martanin da ba na musamman ba, wanda ya ƙunshi “kariya na asali” (wanda ake kira da shi saboda yana nan tun daga haihuwa), yana yin aiki ba tare da la’akari da yanayin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da yake yaƙar ba;
• takamaiman martanin, wanda ke ba da "kariya da aka samu", ya haɗa da sanin wakilin da za a kai hari da haddar wannan taron.

Shingayen jiki

La fata da kuma mucous membranes su ne shingen farko na dabi'a da maharan suka taso. Fatar jiki ita ce mafi girma a cikin jiki kuma tana ba da kariya mai ban mamaki daga cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari, ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar jiki tsakanin yanayi da tsarinmu masu mahimmanci, yana ba da yanayi mai ƙiyayya ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta: samansa yana da ɗan acidic kuma ya bushe, kuma an rufe shi da kwayoyin "mai kyau". Wannan yana bayyana dalilin da yasa yawan tsafta ba lallai bane abu ne mai kyau ga lafiyar ku.

Baki, idanu, kunnuwa, hanci, mafitsara da al'aura har yanzu suna samar da hanyoyin shiga kwayoyin cuta. Hakanan waɗannan hanyoyin suna da tsarin kariya. Misali, tari da atishawa suna tura kwayoyin halitta daga hanyoyin iska.

Kumburi

Kumburi shine shinge na farko da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari waɗanda ke haye ambulan jikin mu. Kamar fata da mucous membranes, irin wannan nau'in amsawar rigakafi yana aiki ba tare da sanin yanayin wakilin da yake fada ba. Manufar kumburi shine don hana masu tayar da hankali da kuma aiwatar da gyaran nama (a yayin da aka samu rauni). Anan akwai manyan matakai na kumburi.

• La vasodilation kuma mafi girma permeability capillaries a cikin yankin da abin ya shafa suna da tasiri na ƙara yawan jini (wanda ke da alhakin ja) da kuma ba da izinin isowa na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na kumburi.
• Lalacewar ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar phagocytes : wani nau'in farin jini ne wanda ke iya shiga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma lalata su. Akwai nau'o'i da yawa: monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages da kwayoyin kisa na halitta (NK Kwayoyin).
• Tsarin dace da, wanda ya haɗa da sunadaran kusan ashirin waɗanda ke aiki a cikin cascade kuma suna ba da damar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta kai tsaye. Za a iya kunna tsarin haɗin kai ta ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kansu ko ta takamaiman martanin rigakafi (duba ƙasa).

Interferon

Idan akwai kamuwa da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta, da interferon su ne glycoproteins da ke hana yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sel. Da zarar an ɓoye su, suna yaɗuwa cikin kyallen takarda kuma suna ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin rigakafi na makwabta. Kasancewar toxin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma na iya haifar da samar da interferon.

Anan ne lymphocytes ke shiga, nau'in farin jini ne wanda aka bambanta nau'i biyu: B lymphocytes da T lymphocytes.

• The Kwayoyin B lissafin kusan kashi 10% na lymphocytes masu yawo a cikin jini. Lokacin da tsarin rigakafi ya ci karo da wakili na waje, ƙwayoyin B suna motsa jiki, ninka kuma suna fara samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi. Kwayoyin rigakafi sune sunadaran da ke jingina kansu ga sunadaran na waje; wannan shine farkon farkon lalata ƙwayoyin cuta.
• The T lymphocytes wakiltar fiye da 80% na lymphocytes a wurare dabam dabam. Akwai nau'ikan T-lymphocytes iri biyu: sel cytotoxic T waɗanda idan aka kunna su kai tsaye suna lalata ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin tumor, da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta T, waɗanda ke sarrafa sauran nau'ikan amsawar rigakafi.

Takaitaccen martanin rigakafi yana haifar da rigakafi da aka samu, wanda ke tasowa tsawon shekaru a sakamakon haduwar jikinmu da takamaiman kwayoyin halitta na kasashen waje. Don haka, tsarin garkuwar jikin mu yana tunawa da takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ya rigaya ya ci karo da su don yin haɗuwa ta biyu mafi inganci da sauri. An kiyasta cewa babba yana da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya guda 10⁹ A 10¹¹ daban-daban sunadaran kasashen waje. Wannan yana bayyana dalilin da yasa mutum baya kama kaji da mononucleosis sau biyu, misali. Yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa tasirin maganin alurar riga kafi shine don haifar da wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na farko da haɗuwa da pathogen.

Bibliography

Ƙungiyar Likitocin Kanada. Encyclopedia Likitan Iyali, An zaɓa daga Reader's Digest, Kanada, 1993.

Starnbach MN (Ed). Gaskiya game da tsarin garkuwar jikin ku; abin da kuke bukatar sani, Shugaba da ƴan uwa na Kwalejin Harvard, Amurka, 2004.

Vander Aj et al. Masanin kimiyyar mutum, Les Éditions de la Chenelière inc., Kanada, 1995.