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Murar hanta wata tsutsotsi ce da ke rayuwa a jikin mutum ko dabba, tana shafar hanta da bile ducts. Ciwon hanta ya yadu a duk duniya, yana haifar da cutar da ake kira fascioliasis. Galibi, tsutsa ta yi parasitizes a jikin manya da kanana na shanu, duk da cewa an san barkewar mamayewa da yawa a tsakanin mutane. Bayanai kan ainihin cututtuka sun bambanta sosai. A cewar majiyoyi daban-daban, jimillar mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ta fascioliasis sun fito daga mutane miliyan 2,5-17 a duk duniya. A Rasha cutar hanta ta yadu a tsakanin dabbobi, musamman a wuraren da akwai wuraren kiwo na fadama. Kwayar cuta ba ta da yawa a cikin mutane.
Murar hanta trematode ce mai lebur jiki mai siffar ganye, masu tsotsa biyu suna kan kansa. Tare da taimakon waɗannan masu shayarwa ne ake kiyaye parasites a cikin jikin mai masaukinsa na dindindin. Tsutsotsi na manya na iya kaiwa mm 30 tsayi da faɗin 12 mm. Matakan ci gaban ciwon hanta sune kamar haka:
Stage marita hanta fluke
Marita ita ce matakin balagagge ta jima'i na tsutsa, lokacin da parasite yana da ikon sakin ƙwai a cikin yanayin waje. Tsutsa ita ce hermaphrodite. Jikin marita yayi kama da lallausan ganye. Baki mai tsotsa yana a gaban gaban jiki. Wani mai tsotsa kuma yana kan sashin hantsi na jikin tsutsa. Tare da taimakonsa, parasite yana haɗe zuwa gabobin ciki na mai gida. Marita tana sake haifuwa da kanta, saboda ita hermaphrodite ce. Ana fitar da waɗannan qwai tare da najasa. Domin kwai ya ci gaba da haɓakawa kuma ya shiga cikin matakin tsutsa, yana buƙatar shiga cikin ruwa.
Babban mataki na hanta fluke - miracidium
Miracidium yana fitowa daga kwai. Tsutsar tana da siffa mai santsi, an rufe jikinta da cilia. A gaban miracidium akwai idanu biyu da gabobin da ke fitar da su. Ana ba da ƙarshen jikin jiki a ƙarƙashin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda daga baya zai ba da damar ƙwayar cuta ta ninka. Tare da taimakon cilia, miracidium zai iya motsawa cikin ruwa sosai kuma ya nemi mai masaukin baki (mollusk ruwa mai ruwa). Bayan an sami mollusk, tsutsa ta sami tushe a jikinta.
Sporocyst mataki na hanta fluke
Da zarar a cikin jikin mollusk, miracidium ya wuce zuwa mataki na gaba - jakar-kamar sporocyst. A cikin sporocyst, sabbin larvae suna fara girma daga ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan matakin na hanta ana kiransa redia.
Ciwon hanta - redia
A wannan lokacin, jiki na parasites yana tsawo, yana da pharynx, hanji, excretory da tsarin juyayi. A cikin kowane sporocyst na hanta fluke, za a iya samun daga 8 zuwa 100 redia, wanda ya dogara da takamaiman nau'in parasite. Lokacin da redia ya girma, suna fitowa daga sporocyst kuma suna shiga cikin kyallen takarda na mollusk. A cikin kowace redia akwai ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke ba da damar cutar hanta ta ci gaba zuwa mataki na gaba.
Circaria mataki na hanta fluke
A wannan lokacin, tsutsa na hanta na hanta yana samun wutsiya da tsotsa biyu. A cikin cercariae, an riga an kafa tsarin cirewa kuma an bayyana rudiments na tsarin haihuwa. Cercariae yana barin harsashi na redia, sa'an nan kuma jikin mai shiga tsakani, yana ratsa shi. Don yin wannan, tana da salo mai kaifi ko gungu na spikes. A cikin wannan yanayin, tsutsa na iya motsawa cikin ruwa kyauta. Yana makale da kowane abu kuma ya kasance akansa don tsammanin mai shi na dindindin. Mafi sau da yawa, irin waɗannan abubuwa tsire-tsire ne na ruwa.
Matsayin adolescaria (metatsercaria) na ciwon hanta
Wannan shine matakin tsutsa na ƙarshe na muradin hanta. A cikin wannan nau'i, parasite yana shirye don shiga jikin dabba ko mutum. A cikin kwayoyin halitta na dindindin mai masaukin baki, metacercariae ya zama marita.
Zagayowar rayuwar hanta tana da rikitarwa sosai, don haka yawancin tsutsa suna mutuwa ba tare da sun zama mutum balagagge na jima'i ba. Za a iya katse rayuwar kwayar cutar a matakin kwai idan bai shiga ruwa ba ko kuma bai sami nau'in mollusk daidai ba. Duk da haka, tsutsotsin ba su mutu ba kuma suna ci gaba da karuwa, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar hanyoyin biyan kuɗi. Na farko, suna da ingantaccen tsarin haihuwa. Babbar marita tana iya haifuwa dubun duban kwai. Na biyu, kowane sporocyst ya ƙunshi har zuwa 100 redia, kuma kowane redia zai iya haifuwa fiye da 20 cercariae. A sakamakon haka, har zuwa 200 sababbin ciwon hanta na iya fitowa daga parasite guda daya.
Dabbobi suna kamuwa da cutar sau da yawa lokacin cin ciyawa daga makiyayar ruwa, ko kuma yayin shan ruwa daga buɗaɗɗen tafki. Mutum zai kamu da cutar ne kawai idan ya hadiye tsutsa a matakin adolescaria. Sauran matakan hawan hanta ba su da haɗari a gare shi. Don hana kamuwa da cutar, yakamata a wanke kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa da aka sha danye sosai, sannan kuma kada a sha ruwan da ba a yi masa aiki yadda ya kamata ba.
Da zarar a jikin mutum ko dabba, adolescaria ya shiga hanta da bile ducts, ya manne a wurin kuma ya fara haifuwa. Tare da suckers da spines, parasites suna lalata hanta nama, wanda ke haifar da karuwa a girmansa, zuwa bayyanar tubercles. Wannan, bi da bi, yana taimakawa wajen samuwar cirrhosis. Idan bile ducts sun toshe, to mutum yana tasowa jaundice.