sunadaran

Sunadaran abubuwa ne na halitta macromolecular wanda ya ƙunshi jerin amino acid waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɗin peptide. Mafi mahimmancin rawar waɗannan mahadi shine ka'idojin halayen sunadarai a cikin jiki (rawar enzymatic). Bugu da ƙari, suna yin kariya, hormonal, tsarin tsarin, abinci mai gina jiki, ayyuka na makamashi.

Ta hanyar tsari, sunadaran sunadaran sun kasu kashi masu sauƙi (sunadarai) da hadaddun (proteid). Adadin ragowar amino acid a cikin kwayoyin ya bambanta: myoglobin shine 140, insulin shine 51, wanda ke bayyana girman nauyin kwayoyin halitta na fili (Mr), wanda ya fito daga 10 000 zuwa 3 000 000 Dalton.

Sunadaran suna lissafin kashi 17% na jimlar nauyin ɗan adam: 10% fata ne, 20% na guringuntsi ne, kashi 50% tsoka ne. Duk da cewa ba a yi nazari sosai kan rawar da furotin da furotin ke yi a yau ba, aikin jijiyoyi, ikon girma, haifuwa jiki, kwararar hanyoyin rayuwa a matakin salula yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ayyukan amino. acid.

Tarihin binciken

Tsarin nazarin sunadarai ya samo asali ne a cikin karni na XVIII, lokacin da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya karkashin jagorancin masanin kimiyyar Faransa Antoine Francois de Furcroix sun bincika albumin, fibrin, gluten. Sakamakon waɗannan karatun, an taƙaita sunadaran kuma an ware su zuwa wani aji daban.

A cikin 1836, a karon farko, Mulder ya ba da shawarar sabon samfurin tsarin sinadarai na sunadaran bisa ka'idar radicals. Ya kasance ana karɓa gabaɗaya har zuwa 1850s. Sunan zamani na furotin - furotin - fili da aka samu a cikin 1838. Kuma a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, masanin kimiyyar Jamus A. Kossel ya yi wani bincike mai ban sha'awa: ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa amino acid sune manyan abubuwa na tsarin tsarin. "Abubuwan gini". An tabbatar da wannan ka'idar ta hanyar gwaji a farkon karni na XNUMX ta masanin ilimin kimiya na Jamus Emil Fischer.

A shekarar 1926, wani masani dan kasar Amurka, James Sumner, a cikin bincikensa, ya gano cewa sinadarin urease da ake samarwa a jiki na sunadaran ne. Wannan binciken ya samu ci gaba a duniyar kimiyya kuma ya kai ga fahimtar mahimmancin sunadaran ga rayuwar ɗan adam. A shekara ta 1949, wani masanin kimiyyar halittu na Ingila, Fred Sanger, da gwaji ya samo jerin amino acid na insulin hormone, wanda ya tabbatar da daidaiton tunanin cewa sunadaran su ne polymers na amino acid.

A cikin 1960s, a karon farko a kan tushen X-ray diffraction, an samu sifofin sunadaran sunadaran a matakin atomic. Har wa yau ana ci gaba da yin nazarin wannan babban fili na kwayoyin halitta.

Tsarin sunadaran

Babban sassan tsarin sunadaran sune amino acid, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin amino (NH2) da ragowar carboxyl (COOH). A wasu lokuta, nitric-hydrogen radicals suna hade da carbon ions, lamba da wurin da aka ƙayyade takamaiman halaye na peptide abubuwa. A lokaci guda, an jaddada matsayin carbon dangane da rukunin amino a cikin suna tare da prefix na musamman: alpha, beta, gamma.

Don sunadaran, alpha-amino acid suna aiki azaman raka'a na tsari, tunda kawai su, lokacin haɓaka sarkar polypeptide, suna ba da gutsuttsuran furotin ƙarin kwanciyar hankali da ƙarfi. Abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan nau'in ana samun su a cikin yanayi a cikin nau'i biyu: L da D (sai dai glycine). Sinadaran nau'in farko wani bangare ne na sunadaran halittu masu rai da dabbobi da shuke-shuke ke samarwa, nau'in na biyu kuma wani bangare ne na tsarin peptides da aka samu ta hanyar hadakar da ba ta ribosomal a cikin fungi da kwayoyin cuta.

Tubalan gina jiki suna haɗuwa tare da haɗin polypeptide, wanda ke samuwa ta hanyar haɗa amino acid ɗaya zuwa carboxyl na wani amino acid. Gajerun tsarin yawanci ana kiran su peptides ko oligopeptides (nauyin kwayoyin 3-400 daltons), da kuma dogayen, wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da amino acid 10, polypeptides. Mafi yawan lokuta, sarƙoƙi suna ɗauke da ragowar amino acid 000 - 50, wani lokacin kuma 100 - 400. Sunadaran suna haifar da ƙayyadaddun tsarin sararin samaniya saboda hulɗar intramolecular. Ana kiran su nau'in furotin.

Akwai matakai guda huɗu na ƙungiyar furotin:

1. Na farko shine jeri na madaidaiciyar ragowar amino acid wanda aka haɗe tare ta hanyar haɗin polypeptide mai ƙarfi.
2. Na biyu – tsarin tsari na gutsuttsura furotin a sararin samaniya zuwa karkace ko naɗe-haɗe.
3. Sakandare – hanyar shimfida sararin samaniya sarkar polypeptide helical, ta hanyar ninka tsarin na biyu a cikin ball.
4. Quaternary - furotin na gama gari (oligomer), wanda aka samo shi ta hanyar hulɗar sarƙoƙi na polypeptide da yawa na tsarin jami'a.

Siffar tsarin furotin ya kasu kashi 3:

• fibrillary;
• duniya;
• membrane.

Nau'in sunadaran farko sune kwayoyin halitta masu kama da zaren da ke haɗe da juna waɗanda ke samar da zaruruwa masu dorewa ko sifofi. Ganin cewa sunadaran fibrillar suna da ƙarfin ƙarfin injina, suna yin ayyukan kariya da tsari a cikin jiki. Yawancin wakilai na waɗannan sunadaran sune keratin gashi da collagens na nama.

Sunadaran Globular sun ƙunshi sarƙoƙin polypeptide ɗaya ko fiye waɗanda aka naɗe su cikin ƙaramin tsari na ellipsoidal. Waɗannan sun haɗa da enzymes, abubuwan jigilar jini, da sunadarai na nama.

Mahalli na membrane su ne sifofin polypeptide waɗanda ke cikin harsashin ƙwayoyin sel. Wadannan mahadi suna yin aikin masu karɓa, suna wucewa da kwayoyin da suka dace da takamaiman sigina ta cikin saman.

Ya zuwa yau, akwai adadi mai yawa na sunadaran, wanda aka ƙaddara ta adadin ragowar amino acid da ke cikin su, tsarin sararin samaniya da kuma jerin wuraren da suke.

Koyaya, don aiki na yau da kullun na jiki, kawai 20 alpha-amino acid na L-jerin ana buƙata, 8 daga cikinsu ba a haɗa su ta jikin ɗan adam ba.

Abubuwa na jiki da hade

Tsarin sararin samaniya da abun da ke tattare da amino acid na kowane sunadaran suna tabbatar da halayensa na physicochemical.

Sunadaran su ne daskararru waɗanda ke samar da maganin colloidal lokacin hulɗa da ruwa. A cikin emulsions mai ruwa, sunadaran suna samuwa a cikin nau'i na nau'i na caji, tun da abun da ke ciki ya hada da polar da kungiyoyin ionic (-NH2, -SH, -COOH, -OH). Cajin ƙwayar furotin ya dogara da rabon carboxyl (-COOH), ragowar amine (NH) da pH na matsakaici. Abin sha'awa shine, tsarin sunadarai na asalin dabba ya ƙunshi ƙarin amino acid dicarboxylic (glutamic da aspartic), wanda ke ƙayyade mummunan tasirin su a cikin hanyoyin ruwa.

Wasu abubuwa sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na diamino acid (histidine, lysine, arginine), sakamakon abin da suke nuna hali a cikin ruwaye kamar cations sunadaran. A cikin maganin ruwa mai ruwa, fili yana da ƙarfi saboda ƙin yarda da juna na barbashi tare da tuhumar kama. Koyaya, canji a cikin pH na matsakaici ya haɗa da gyare-gyaren ƙididdiga na ƙungiyoyin ionized a cikin furotin.

A cikin yanayin acidic, an dakatar da rushewar ƙungiyoyin carboxyl, wanda ke haifar da raguwa a cikin mummunan yiwuwar ƙwayar furotin. A cikin alkali, akasin haka, ionization na ragowar amine yana raguwa, sakamakon haka ingantaccen cajin furotin yana raguwa.

A wani pH, abin da ake kira isoelectric batu, alkaline dissociation daidai yake da acidic, sakamakon abin da kwayoyin sunadaran suna haɗuwa da haɓaka. Ga mafi yawan peptides, wannan darajar tana cikin ɗan ƙaramin yanayi na acidic. Koyaya, akwai tsarin da ke da fifikon kaifi na abubuwan alkaline. Wannan yana nufin cewa yawancin sunadaran suna ninka a cikin yanayin acidic, kuma ƙaramin sashi a cikin alkaline.

A wurin isoelectric, sunadaran ba su da ƙarfi a cikin bayani kuma, a sakamakon haka, suna haɗuwa da sauƙi lokacin da zafi. Lokacin da aka ƙara acid ko alkali zuwa furotin da aka haɗe, ana sake cajin ƙwayoyin, bayan haka fili ya sake narkewa. Koyaya, sunadaran suna riƙe da halayen halayen su kawai a wasu sigogin pH na matsakaici. Idan an lalata haɗin haɗin da ke riƙe da sararin samaniya na sunadaran ko ta yaya, to tsarin da aka ba da oda na abu ya lalace, sakamakon abin da kwayoyin ke ɗaukar nau'in na'urar ruɗani bazuwar. Ana kiran wannan al'amari denaturation.

Canje-canje a cikin abubuwan gina jiki yana haifar da tasirin sinadarai da abubuwan jiki: babban zafin jiki, hasken ultraviolet, girgiza mai ƙarfi, haɗuwa tare da haɓakar furotin. A sakamakon denaturation, bangaren ya rasa aikinsa na nazarin halittu, ba a dawo da kaddarorin da aka rasa ba.

Sunadaran suna ba da launi a cikin yanayin halayen hydrolysis. Lokacin da aka haɗu da maganin peptide tare da jan karfe sulfate da alkali, launi na lilac ya bayyana ( amsawar biuret ), lokacin da sunadaran suna da zafi a cikin nitric acid - rawaya tint ( amsawar xantoprotein ), lokacin hulɗa tare da maganin nitrate na mercury - launin raspberry (Milon). dauki). Ana amfani da waɗannan karatun don gano tsarin furotin na nau'ikan iri daban-daban.

Nau'in sunadaran da zai yiwu kira a cikin jiki

Ba za a iya raina darajar amino acid ga jikin mutum ba. Suna yin aikin neurotransmitters, suna da mahimmanci don daidaitaccen aiki na kwakwalwa, samar da makamashi ga tsokoki, da kuma sarrafa isasshen aikin aikin su tare da bitamin da ma'adanai.

Babban mahimmancin haɗin kai shine tabbatar da ci gaba na al'ada da aiki na jiki. Amino acid suna samar da enzymes, hormones, hemoglobin, antibodies. Haɗin sunadaran sunadaran a cikin rayayyun halittu yana koyaushe.

Koyaya, ana dakatar da wannan tsari idan sel sun rasa aƙalla mahimman amino acid guda ɗaya. Cin zarafin samuwar sunadaran suna haifar da rikice-rikice na narkewa, haɓakar haɓakar hankali, rashin kwanciyar hankali da tunani.

Yawancin amino acid suna haɗe a jikin ɗan adam a cikin hanta. Koyaya, akwai irin waɗannan mahadi waɗanda dole ne su zo kullun tare da abinci.

Wannan ya faru ne saboda rarraba amino acid a cikin nau'ikan masu zuwa:

• wanda ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba;
• Semi-maye gurbinsu;
• mai maye gurbinsu.

Kowane rukuni na abubuwa yana da takamaiman ayyuka. Yi la'akari da su daki-daki.

Mahimmancin Amino Acids

Mutum ba zai iya samar da kwayoyin halitta na wannan rukuni a kan kansa ba, amma sun zama dole don kula da rayuwarsa.

Don haka, irin waɗannan amino acid sun sami sunan "mahimmanci" kuma dole ne a ba su abinci akai-akai daga waje. Haɗin furotin ba tare da wannan kayan gini ba zai yiwu ba. A sakamakon haka, rashin aƙalla fili guda ɗaya yana haifar da rikice-rikice na rayuwa, raguwar ƙwayar tsoka, nauyin jiki, da dakatar da samar da furotin.

Mafi mahimmancin amino acid ga jikin mutum, musamman ga 'yan wasa da mahimmancin su.

1. Valin. Yana da wani tsarin tsarin furotin sarkar da aka reshe (BCAA) .Madogarar makamashi ne, yana shiga cikin halayen halayen nitrogen, yana mayar da kyallen takarda da aka lalace, kuma yana daidaita glycemia. Valine wajibi ne don gudanawar ƙwayar tsoka, aikin tunani na al'ada. An yi amfani da shi a cikin aikin likita a hade tare da leucine, isoleucine don maganin kwakwalwa, hanta, rauni a sakamakon miyagun ƙwayoyi, barasa ko miyagun ƙwayoyi na jiki.
2. Leucine da Isoleucine. Rage matakan glucose na jini, kare ƙwayar tsoka, ƙona kitse, yin aiki a matsayin masu haɓaka haɓakar hormone girma, dawo da fata da ƙasusuwa. Leucine, kamar valine, yana shiga cikin hanyoyin samar da makamashi, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman don kiyaye juriyar jiki yayin motsa jiki mai wahala. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar isoleucine don haɗin haemoglobin.
3. Threonine. Yana hana m degeneration na hanta, ya shiga cikin furotin da mai metabolism, kira na collagen, elastane, halittar kashi nama (enamel). Amino acid yana ƙaruwa da rigakafi, yanayin jiki ga cututtuka na ARVI. Threonine yana samuwa a cikin tsokoki na skeletal, tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, zuciya, yana tallafawa aikin su.
4. Methionine. Yana inganta narkewa, yana shiga cikin sarrafa mai, yana kare jiki daga mummunan tasirin radiation, yana rage bayyanar toxicosis a lokacin daukar ciki, kuma ana amfani dashi don magance cututtuka na rheumatoid. Amino acid yana shiga cikin samar da taurine, cysteine, glutathione, wanda ke kawar da abubuwa masu guba daga jiki. Methionine yana taimakawa wajen rage matakan histamine a cikin sel a cikin mutanen da ke fama da allergies.
5. Tryptophan. Yana ƙarfafa sakin hormone girma, yana inganta barci, yana rage tasirin nicotine, yana ƙarfafa yanayi, ana amfani dashi don kira na serotonin. Tryptophan a cikin jikin mutum yana iya juyewa zuwa niacin.
6. Lysine. Yana shiga cikin samar da albumin, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, gyaran nama da samuwar collagen. Wannan amino acid wani bangare ne na dukkan sunadaran kuma ya zama dole don rage matakin triglycerides a cikin jini, samuwar kashi na al'ada, cikakken sha na alli da kauri na tsarin gashi. Lysine yana da tasirin antiviral, yana hana ci gaban cututtukan cututtuka na numfashi da kuma herpes. Yana ƙara ƙarfin tsoka, yana tallafawa metabolism na nitrogen, inganta ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci, haɓakawa, libido. Godiya ga kyawawan kaddarorin sa, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiyar zuciya, yana hana ci gaban atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, da herpes na al'aura. Lysine a hade tare da bitamin C, proline yana hana samuwar lipoproteins, wanda ke haifar da toshewar arteries kuma yana haifar da cututtukan cututtukan zuciya.
7. Phenylalanine. Yana hana ci, rage zafi, inganta yanayi, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. A cikin jikin mutum, phenylalanine yana iya canzawa zuwa amino acid tyrosine, wanda ke da mahimmanci don haɗakarwar neurotransmitters (dopamine da norepinephrine). Saboda karfin mahallin na ketare shingen jini-kwakwalwa, ana amfani da shi sau da yawa don magance cututtukan jijiya. Bugu da kari, ana amfani da amino acid don magance farin foci na depigmentation akan fata (vitiligo), schizophrenia, da cutar Parkinson.

Rashin mahimman amino acid a cikin jikin mutum yana haifar da:

• raguwar ci gaba;
• cin zarafin biosynthesis na cysteine, sunadarai, koda, thyroid, tsarin juyayi;
• rashin hankali;
• asarar nauyi;
• phenylketonuria;
• rage rigakafi da matakan haemoglobin na jini;
• rashin daidaituwa.

Lokacin wasa wasanni, rashi na sassan tsarin da ke sama yana rage wasan motsa jiki, yana ƙara haɗarin rauni.

Tushen Abinci na Mahimman Amino Acids

Teburin ya dogara ne akan bayanan da aka ɗauko daga ɗakin karatu na Aikin Noma na Amurka - Cibiyar Bayar da Abinci ta Ƙasa ta Amurka.

Semi-maye gurbinsu

Abubuwan da ke cikin wannan rukunin jiki na iya samar da su kawai idan an ba su abinci kaɗan. Kowane iri-iri na rabin-mahimmancin acid yana yin takamaiman ayyuka waɗanda ba za a iya maye gurbinsu ba.

Yi la'akari da nau'ikan su.

1. Arginine. Yana daya daga cikin muhimman amino acid a jikin mutum. Yana hanzarta warkar da nama mai lalacewa, yana rage matakan cholesterol kuma ana buƙata don kiyaye lafiyar fata, tsokoki, haɗin gwiwa, da hanta. Arginine yana ƙaruwa da samuwar T-lymphocytes, wanda ke ƙarfafa tsarin rigakafi, yana aiki a matsayin shinge, yana hana gabatarwar ƙwayoyin cuta. Bugu da kari, amino acid na inganta detoxification na hanta, rage karfin jini, rage jinkirin ci gaban ciwace-ciwacen daji, da tsayayya da samuwar jini, yana kara karfin jini kuma yana kara karfin jini. Yana shiga cikin metabolism na nitrogen, creatine kira kuma an nuna shi ga mutanen da suke so su rasa nauyi da samun ƙwayar tsoka. Ana samun Arginine a cikin ruwa na jini, nama mai haɗi na fata da haemoglobin. Rashin sinadari a cikin jikin mutum yana da haɗari ga ci gaban ciwon sukari mellitus, rashin haihuwa a cikin maza, jinkirta balaga, hauhawar jini, da ƙarancin rigakafi. Hanyoyin halitta na arginine: cakulan, kwakwa, gelatin, nama, kiwo, goro, alkama, hatsi, gyada, soya.
2. Histidine. Kunshe a cikin dukkan kyallen jikin mutum, enzymes. Yana shiga cikin musayar bayanai tsakanin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya da sassan sassan. Histidine wajibi ne don narkewar al'ada, tun da samuwar ruwan 'ya'yan itace na ciki yana yiwuwa ne kawai tare da sa hannu. Bugu da ƙari, abu yana hana abin da ya faru na autoimmune, rashin lafiyan halayen. Rashin wani sashi yana haifar da asarar ji, yana ƙara haɗarin haɓakar cututtukan cututtuka na rheumatoid. Ana samun Histidine a cikin hatsi (shinkafa, alkama), kayan kiwo, da nama.
3. Tyrosine. Yana haɓaka samuwar neurotransmitters, yana rage zafin lokacin premenstrual, yana ba da gudummawa ga aiki na yau da kullun na dukkanin kwayoyin halitta, yana aiki azaman antidepressant na halitta. Amino acid yana rage dogaro ga narcotic, maganin kafeyin, yana taimakawa sarrafa ci kuma yana aiki azaman farkon abubuwan samar da dopamine, thyroxine, epinephrine. A cikin haɗin furotin, tyrosine ya maye gurbin phenylalanine. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙata don haɓakar hormones na thyroid. Rashin Amino acid yana rage tafiyar matakai na rayuwa, yana rage karfin jini, yana kara gajiya. Ana samun Tyrosine a cikin tsaba na kabewa, almonds, oatmeal, gyada, kifi, avocados, waken soya.
4. Cystine. Ana samuwa a cikin beta-keratin - babban furotin tsarin gashi, faranti na ƙusa, fata. Ana amfani da amino acid a matsayin N-acetyl cysteine ​​​​kuma ana amfani dashi a maganin tari, bugun jini, ciwon daji, da mashako. Cystine yana kula da tsarin manyan peptides, sunadarai, kuma yana aiki azaman antioxidant mai ƙarfi. Yana ɗaure radicals masu ɓarna, ƙarafa masu guba, yana ba da kariya ga sel daga haskoki na x-ray da fallasa radiation. Amino acid wani bangare ne na somatostatin, insulin, immunoglobulin. Ana iya samun Cystine daga abinci masu zuwa: broccoli, albasa, kayan nama, qwai, tafarnuwa, barkono ja.

Wani fasali na musamman na amino acid masu mahimmanci shine yuwuwar amfani da jiki don samar da sunadarai maimakon methionine, phenylalanine.

Musanyawa

Jikin mutum na iya samar da mahadi na wannan nau'in ta hanyar kansa, yana rufe mafi ƙarancin buƙatun gabobin ciki da tsarin. Amino acid da za a iya maye gurbin ana haɗe su daga samfuran rayuwa kuma suna ɗaukar nitrogen. Don sake cika al'ada na yau da kullum, dole ne su kasance a cikin kullun a cikin abun da ke cikin sunadarai tare da abinci.

Yi la'akari da abubuwan da ke cikin wannan rukuni:

1. Alanine. Ana amfani da shi azaman tushen makamashi, yana kawar da gubobi daga hanta, yana haɓaka jujjuyawar glucose. Yana hana rushewar ƙwayar tsoka saboda yanayin alanine, wanda aka gabatar a cikin nau'i mai zuwa: glucose - pyruvate - alanine - pyruvate - glucose. Godiya ga waɗannan halayen, ɓangaren ginin sunadarin yana ƙara yawan ajiyar makamashi, yana tsawaita rayuwar sel. An kawar da wuce gona da iri na nitrogen a lokacin zagaye na alanine daga jiki a cikin fitsari. Bugu da ƙari, abu yana ƙarfafa samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi, yana tabbatar da metabolism na acid, sugars da inganta rigakafi. Tushen alanine: kayan kiwo, avocados, nama, kaji, qwai, kifi.
2. Glycine. Yana shiga cikin ginin tsoka, haɓakar hormone, yana haɓaka matakin creatine a cikin jiki, yana haɓaka canjin glucose zuwa makamashi. Collagen shine 30% glycine. Haɗin salula ba shi yiwuwa ba tare da sa hannun wannan fili ba. A gaskiya ma, idan kyallen takarda sun lalace, ba tare da glycine ba, jikin mutum ba zai iya warkar da raunuka ba. Tushen amino acid sune: madara, wake, cuku, kifi, nama.
3. Glutamine. Bayan juyar da kwayoyin halitta zuwa glutamic acid, yana shiga shingen kwakwalwar jini kuma yana aiki azaman man fetur don aikin kwakwalwa. Amino acid yana kawar da gubobi daga hanta, yana ƙara matakan GABA, yana kula da sautin tsoka, yana inganta maida hankali, kuma yana shiga cikin samar da lymphocytes. Ana amfani da shirye-shiryen L-glutamine a cikin ginin jiki don hana rushewar tsoka ta hanyar jigilar nitrogen zuwa gabobin, cire ammonia mai guba da haɓaka shagunan glycogen. Ana amfani da abu don taimakawa bayyanar cututtuka na gajiya na yau da kullum, inganta yanayin tunanin mutum, bi da cututtukan cututtuka na rheumatoid, cututtukan fata, barasa, rashin ƙarfi, scleroderma. Shugabannin da ke cikin abun ciki na glutamine sune faski da alayyafo.
4. Carnitine. Yana ɗaure kuma yana cire fatty acids daga jiki. Amino acid yana haɓaka aikin bitamin E, C, yana rage nauyi mai yawa, yana rage nauyi akan zuciya. A cikin jikin mutum, ana samar da carnitine daga glutamine da methionine a cikin hanta da kodan. Yana daga cikin nau'ikan masu zuwa: D da L. Mafi girman darajar jiki shine L-carnitine, wanda ke ƙara haɓakar membranes tantanin halitta don fatty acids. Don haka, amino acid yana ƙaruwa da amfani da lipids, yana rage saurin haɓakar ƙwayoyin triglyceride a cikin ma'ajin mai na subcutaneous. Bayan shan carnitine, lipid oxidation yana ƙaruwa, aiwatar da asarar nama mai adipose yana haifar da shi, wanda yake tare da sakin makamashi da aka adana a cikin hanyar ATP. L-carnitine yana haɓaka ƙirƙirar lecithin a cikin hanta, yana rage matakan cholesterol, kuma yana hana bayyanar atherosclerotic plaques. Duk da cewa wannan amino acid ba ya cikin nau'in mahimmancin mahadi, cin abinci na yau da kullun yana hana ci gaban cututtukan zuciya kuma yana ba ku damar cimma tsawon rayuwa mai aiki. Ka tuna, matakin carnitine yana raguwa da shekaru, don haka ya kamata tsofaffi su fara gabatar da ƙarin kayan abinci a cikin abincin yau da kullum. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin abu yana haɗawa daga bitamin C, B6, methionine, iron, lysine. Rashin kowane ɗayan waɗannan mahadi yana haifar da ƙarancin L-carnitine a cikin jiki. Tushen halitta na amino acid: kaji, yolks kwai, kabewa, tsaba sesame, rago, cuku gida, kirim mai tsami.
5. Asparagine. Da ake bukata don kira na ammonia, aikin da ya dace na tsarin jin tsoro. Ana samun amino acid a cikin kayan kiwo, bishiyar asparagus, whey, qwai, kifi, kwayoyi, dankali, naman kaji.
6. Aspartic acid. Yana shiga cikin kira na arginine, lysine, isoleucine, samuwar man fetur na duniya don jiki - adenosine triphosphate (ATP), wanda ke ba da makamashi don tafiyar matakai na ciki. Aspartic acid yana haifar da samar da neurotransmitters, yana ƙara yawan nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), wanda ya zama dole don kula da aikin tsarin juyayi da kwakwalwa. An haɗa mahaɗin da kansa, yayin da za a iya ƙara yawan maida hankali a cikin sel ta hanyar haɗawa da samfurori masu zuwa a cikin abinci: sukari, madara, naman sa, naman kaji.
7. Glutamic acid. Shi ne mafi mahimmancin neurotransmitter mai motsa jiki a cikin kashin baya. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta yana shiga cikin motsi na potassium a cikin shingen jini-kwakwalwa zuwa cikin ruwan cerebrospinal kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin metabolism na triglycerides. Kwakwalwa tana iya amfani da glutamate azaman mai. Bukatar jiki don ƙarin ci na amino acid yana ƙaruwa tare da farfaɗo, damuwa, bayyanar launin toka na farko (har zuwa shekaru 30), cututtuka na tsarin juyayi. Tushen halitta na glutamic acid: walnuts, tumatir, namomin kaza, abincin teku, kifi, yogurt, cuku, busassun 'ya'yan itace.
8. Proline Yana ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar collagen, ana buƙata don ƙirƙirar nama na guringuntsi, yana haɓaka hanyoyin warkarwa. Proline tushen: qwai, madara, nama. An shawarci masu cin ganyayyaki su ɗauki amino acid tare da abubuwan gina jiki.
9. Serin. Yana daidaita adadin cortisol a cikin ƙwayar tsoka, yana shiga cikin kira na ƙwayoyin cuta, immunoglobulins, serotonin, yana haɓaka sha na creatine, yana taka rawa a cikin metabolism mai. Serine yana tallafawa aikin al'ada na tsarin kulawa na tsakiya. Babban tushen abinci na amino acid: farin kabeji, broccoli, kwayoyi, qwai, madara, waken soya, koumiss, naman sa, alkama, gyada, naman kaji.

Don haka, amino acid suna shiga cikin duk wani muhimmin aiki a jikin mutum. Kafin siyan kayan abinci na abinci, ana ba da shawarar tuntuɓar ƙwararru. Duk da cewa shan kwayoyi na amino acid, ko da yake an dauke shi lafiya, amma zai iya tsananta da boye matsalolin kiwon lafiya.

Nau'in furotin ta asali

A yau, ana rarrabe nau'ikan furotin masu zuwa: kwai, whey, kayan lambu, nama, kifi.

Yi la'akari da bayanin kowannensu.

1. Kwai An yi la'akari da ma'auni tsakanin sunadaran, duk sauran sunadaran suna da matsayi dangane da shi saboda yana da mafi girman narkewa. Abubuwan da ke cikin gwaiduwa sun hada da ovomucoid, ovomucin, lysocin, albumin, ovoglobulin, coalbumin, avidin, da albumin shine bangaren furotin. Ba a ba da shawarar ƙwai kajin danye ga masu fama da matsalar narkewar abinci ba. Hakan ya faru ne saboda sun ƙunshi wani mai hana enzyme trypsin, wanda ke rage narkewar abinci, da kuma furotin avidin, wanda ke haɗa mahimman bitamin H. Ginin da ke haifar da shi ba ya shiga jiki kuma yana fita. Saboda haka, masana ilimin abinci na abinci sun dage kan yin amfani da farin kwai kawai bayan maganin zafi, wanda ke fitar da sinadarai daga hadadden biotin-avidin kuma yana lalata mai hana trypsin. Amfanin irin wannan nau'in sunadaran: yana da matsakaicin yawan sha (gram 9 a kowace awa), babban abun da ke ciki na amino acid, yana taimakawa wajen rage nauyin jiki. Abubuwan da ke tattare da furotin kwai kaji sun haɗa da tsadar su da rashin lafiyarsu.
2. Ruwan madara. Sunadaran a cikin wannan nau'in suna da mafi girman raguwa (gram 10-12 a kowace awa) tsakanin dukkan sunadaran. Bayan shan samfurori dangane da whey, a cikin sa'a ta farko, matakin peptides da amino acid a cikin jini yana ƙaruwa sosai. A lokaci guda kuma, aikin samar da acid na ciki ba ya canzawa, wanda ya kawar da yiwuwar samuwar iskar gas da rushewar tsarin narkewa. Abun da ke cikin tsokar tsokar ɗan adam dangane da abun ciki na mahimman amino acid (valine, leucine da isoleucine) ya fi kusa da abun da ke cikin sunadaran whey. Irin wannan furotin yana rage cholesterol, yana ƙara yawan glutathione, yana da ƙarancin farashi dangane da sauran nau'ikan amino acid. Babban hasara na furotin whey shine saurin ɗaukar fili, wanda ke ba da shawarar ɗaukar shi kafin ko nan da nan bayan horo. Babban tushen furotin shine whey mai zaki da aka samu yayin samar da cukuwar rennet. Rarrabe hankali, ware, whey protein hydrolyzate, casein. Na farko daga cikin siffofin da aka samu ba a bambanta da babban tsarki ba kuma ya ƙunshi mai, lactose, wanda ke haifar da samuwar iskar gas. Matsayin furotin a cikinsa shine 35-70%. Saboda wannan dalili, furotin na whey shine mafi arha nau'in toshe ginin a cikin da'irar abinci mai gina jiki na wasanni. Warewa samfur ne mai girman matakin tsarkakewa, yana ƙunshe da kashi 95% na furotin. Duk da haka, masana'antun da ba su da kyau a wasu lokuta suna yaudara ta hanyar samar da cakuda keɓewa, maida hankali, hydrolyzate kamar furotin whey. Sabili da haka, abun da ke ciki na kari ya kamata a bincika a hankali, wanda keɓancewa ya kamata ya zama ɓangaren kawai. Hydrolyzate shine nau'in furotin whey mafi tsada, wanda ke shirye don sha nan da nan kuma ya shiga cikin tsoka da sauri. Casein, idan ya shiga ciki, ya juya ya zama guda ɗaya, wanda ya daɗe yana raguwa (gram 4-6 a kowace awa). Saboda wannan dukiya, sunadaran suna kunshe a cikin tsarin jarirai, tun da yake shiga jiki a tsaye kuma a ko'ina, yayin da matsanancin kwararar amino acid ke haifar da sabawa a cikin ci gaban jariri.
3. Kayan lambu. Duk da cewa sunadaran da ke cikin irin waɗannan samfurori ba su cika ba, a hade tare da juna suna samar da cikakkiyar furotin (mafi kyawun haɗuwa shine legumes + hatsi). Babban masu samar da kayan gini na asalin shuka sune samfuran waken soya waɗanda ke yaƙi da osteoporosis, saturate jiki tare da bitamin E, B, phosphorus, iron, potassium, zinc. Lokacin cinyewa, furotin soya yana rage matakan cholesterol, yana magance matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar prostate, kuma yana rage haɗarin haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa a cikin ƙirjin. An nuna shi ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin haƙuri ga kayan kiwo. Don samar da additives, ana amfani da waken soya (ya ƙunshi furotin 90%), ƙwayar waken soya (70%), gari soya (50%). Yawan shan furotin shine gram 4 a kowace awa. Abubuwan da ke tattare da amino acid sun hada da: aikin estrogenic (saboda haka, bai kamata maza su dauki fili ba a cikin manyan allurai, tun da lalacewar haihuwa na iya faruwa), kasancewar trypsin, wanda ke rage narkewa. Tsire-tsire da ke dauke da phytoestrogens (magungunan da ba steroidal ba kama da tsarin tsarin hormones na mata): flax, licorice, hops, ja clover, alfalfa, inabi ja. Ana kuma samun furotin na kayan lambu a cikin kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa (kabeji, rumman, apples, karas), hatsi da legumes (shinkafa, alfalfa, lentil, tsaba flax, hatsi, alkama, waken soya, sha'ir), abubuwan sha ( giya, bourbon). Sau da yawa a wasanni Abincin yana amfani da furotin fis. Keɓewa ce mai tsarkakewa mai ɗauke da mafi girman adadin amino acid arginine (8,7% a kowace gram na furotin) dangane da whey, soya, casein da kayan kwai. Bugu da ƙari, furotin fis yana da wadata a cikin glutamine, lysine. Adadin BCAA a cikinta ya kai 18%. Abin sha'awa shine, furotin shinkafa yana haɓaka fa'idodin furotin pea hypoallergenic, ana amfani dashi a cikin abincin ɗanyen abinci, 'yan wasa, da masu cin ganyayyaki.
4. Nama. Adadin furotin da ke cikinsa ya kai kashi 85%, wanda kashi 35% na amino acid ne da ba za a iya maye gurbinsu ba. Sunan furotin nama yana da sifili mai abun ciki, yana da babban matakin sha.
5. Kifi. Ana ba da shawarar wannan hadaddun don amfani da mutum na gari. Amma ba lallai ba ne don 'yan wasa su yi amfani da furotin don biyan bukatun yau da kullun, tun da keɓancewar furotin kifi yana raguwa zuwa amino acid sau 3 fiye da casein.

Don haka, don rage nauyi, samun ƙwayar tsoka, lokacin yin aiki a kan taimako ana bada shawarar yin amfani da sunadarai masu rikitarwa. Suna samar da mafi yawan adadin amino acid nan da nan bayan cin abinci.

’Yan wasa masu kiba waɗanda ke da saurin samuwar kitse yakamata su fifita 50-80% jinkirin furotin akan furotin mai sauri. Babban nau'in aikin su yana nufin abinci mai gina jiki na tsokoki na dogon lokaci.

Shan Casein yana da hankali fiye da furotin whey. Saboda haka, tattarawar amino acid a cikin jini yana ƙaruwa a hankali kuma ana kiyaye shi a babban matakin har tsawon sa'o'i 7. Ba kamar casein ba, furotin whey yana tsotse cikin jiki da sauri, wanda ke haifar da sakin mafi ƙarfi na fili a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (rabin sa'a). Sabili da haka, ana bada shawarar ɗaukar shi don hana catabolism na sunadaran tsoka nan da nan kafin da nan da nan bayan motsa jiki.

Matsakaicin matsayi yana shagaltar da farin kwai. Don cika jini nan da nan bayan motsa jiki da kuma kula da yawan furotin bayan motsa jiki, ya kamata a haɗa ci da shi tare da keɓewar whey, amino acid nan da nan. Wannan cakuda sunadarai guda uku yana kawar da gazawar kowane bangare, ya haɗu da duk halaye masu kyau. Mafi dacewa da furotin soya whey.

Daraja ga mutum

Matsayin da sunadaran suke takawa a cikin halittu masu rai yana da girma sosai wanda kusan ba zai yuwu a yi la'akari da kowane aiki ba, amma za mu taƙaita mafi mahimmancin su.

1. Kariya (na jiki, sinadarai, rigakafi). Sunadaran suna kare jiki daga mummunan tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta, gubobi, ƙwayoyin cuta, suna haifar da tsarin haɗin gwiwar antibody. Lokacin da sunadarai masu kariya suna hulɗa tare da abubuwa na waje, aikin nazarin halittu na ƙwayoyin cuta ya ɓace. Bugu da ƙari, sunadaran suna da hannu a cikin tsarin fibrinogen coagulation a cikin jini na jini, wanda ke taimakawa wajen samuwar ƙwayar cuta da toshewar rauni. Saboda haka, idan akwai lalacewa ga murfin jiki, sunadaran suna kare jiki daga asarar jini.
2. mai kara kuzari. Dukkanin enzymes, abin da ake kira masu kara kuzari, sunadarai ne.
3. Sufuri. Babban mai ɗaukar iskar oxygen shine haemoglobin, furotin na jini. Bugu da ƙari, sauran nau'ikan amino acid a cikin tsarin halayen suna samar da mahadi tare da bitamin, hormones, fats, suna tabbatar da isar da su zuwa sel, gabobin ciki, da kyallen takarda.
4. Mai gina jiki. Abubuwan da ake kira reserve proteins (casein, albumin) sune tushen abinci don samuwar tayin da girma a cikin mahaifa.
5. Hormonal. Yawancin hormones a cikin jikin mutum (adrenaline, norepinephrine, thyroxine, glucagon, insulin, corticotropin, somatotropin) sunadaran gina jiki.
6. Gina Keratin - babban tsarin tsarin gashi, collagen - kayan haɗi, elastin - ganuwar jini. Sunadaran cytoskeleton suna ba da siffa ga gabobin jiki da sel. Yawancin sunadaran tsarin suna filamentous.
7. Motoci. Actin da myosin (sunadaran tsoka) suna shiga cikin shakatawa da raguwar ƙwayoyin tsoka. Sunadaran suna tsara fassarar, rarrabawa, ƙarfin rubutun kwayoyin halitta, da kuma tsarin motsin tantanin halitta ta hanyar zagayowar. Sunadaran motoci suna da alhakin motsi na jiki, motsi na sel a matakin kwayoyin (cilia, flagella, leukocytes), sufuri na ciki (kinesin, dynein).
8. Sigina. Ana yin wannan aikin ta hanyar cytokines, abubuwan haɓaka, sunadarai na hormone. Suna watsa sigina tsakanin gabobin, kwayoyin halitta, sel, kyallen takarda.
9. Mai karɓa. Wani ɓangare na mai karɓar furotin yana karɓar sigina mai ban haushi, ɗayan yana amsawa kuma yana haɓaka sauye-sauyen yanayi. Don haka, mahadi suna haifar da amsawar sinadarai, suna ɗaure ƙwayoyin tsaka-tsaki na cikin salula, suna aiki azaman tashoshin ion.

Baya ga ayyukan da ke sama, sunadaran suna daidaita matakin pH na yanayin ciki, suna aiki azaman tushen makamashi, tabbatar da haɓakawa, haifuwa na jiki, samar da ikon yin tunani.

A hade tare da triglycerides, sunadaran suna da hannu a cikin samuwar membranes tantanin halitta, tare da carbohydrates a cikin samar da asirin.

Harshen protein

Haɗin furotin wani tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ke faruwa a cikin barbashi na ribonucleoprotein na tantanin halitta (ribosomes). Sunadaran suna canzawa daga amino acid da macromolecules a ƙarƙashin ikon bayanan rufaffen kwayoyin halitta (a cikin kwayar tantanin halitta).

Kowane furotin ya ƙunshi ragowar enzyme, waɗanda aka ƙaddara ta jerin nucleotide na kwayoyin halittar da ke ɓoye wannan ɓangaren tantanin halitta. Tunda DNA ta tattara a cikin tsakiya ta tantanin halitta, kuma haɗin sunadaran suna faruwa a cikin cytoplasm, bayanai daga lambar ƙwaƙwalwar halitta zuwa ribosomes ana watsa su ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki na musamman da ake kira mRNA.

Protein biosynthesis yana faruwa a matakai shida.

1. Canja wurin bayanai daga DNA zuwa i-RNA (rubutu). A cikin ƙwayoyin prokaryotic, sake rubuta kwayoyin halitta yana farawa tare da sanin takamaiman jerin nucleotide na DNA ta hanyar RNA polymerase enzyme.
2. Kunna amino acid. Kowane “precursor” na furotin, ta amfani da makamashin ATP, ana haɗe shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da kwayoyin RNA jigilar (t-RNA). A lokaci guda, t-RNA ya ƙunshi nucleotides da aka haɗa da juna - anticodons, waɗanda ke ƙayyade lambar kwayoyin halitta (triplet-codon) na amino acid da aka kunna.
3. Protein daure ga ribosomes (farawa). Kwayoyin i-RNA mai ɗauke da bayanai game da takamaiman sunadaran suna da alaƙa da ƙaramin ƙwayar ribosome da amino acid mai farawa wanda ke manne da t-RNA daidai. A wannan yanayin, macromolecules na sufuri sun yi daidai da i-RNA triplet, wanda ke nuna farkon sarkar furotin.
4. Tsawaita sarkar polypeptide (elongation). Gina gutsuttsuran sunadaran yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ƙara amino acid a jere zuwa sarkar, ana jigilar su zuwa ribosome ta amfani da RNA sufuri. A wannan mataki, an kafa tsarin ƙarshe na furotin.
5. Dakatar da kira na sarkar polypeptide (karewa). Ƙarshen gina furotin yana nuna alamar ta musamman sau uku na mRNA, bayan haka an saki polypeptide daga ribosome.
6. Nadawa da sarrafa furotin. Don ɗaukar sifa mai siffa na polypeptide, yana yin coagulate ba tare da bata lokaci ba, yana samar da yanayin sararin samaniya. Bayan haɗuwa akan ribosome, sunadaran suna yin gyare-gyaren sinadarai (aiki) ta hanyar enzymes, musamman, phosphorylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation, da tyrosine.

Sabbin sunadaran da aka kafa sun ƙunshi gutsutsayen polypeptide a ƙarshen, waɗanda ke aiki azaman sigina waɗanda ke jagorantar abubuwa zuwa yankin tasiri.

Canjin sunadaran suna sarrafawa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ma'aikata, waɗanda, tare da tsarin tsarin, suna samar da ƙungiyar enzymatic da ake kira operon. Wannan tsarin yana sarrafawa ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta masu sarrafawa tare da taimakon wani abu na musamman, wanda idan ya cancanta, hadawa. Harkokin hulɗar wannan abu tare da mai aiki yana haifar da toshewar kwayar halitta mai sarrafawa, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙarewar operon. Sigina don ci gaba da aiki na tsarin shine amsawar abu tare da ƙwayoyin inductor.

Kudin yau da kullun

Kamar yadda kake gani, buƙatar jiki na sunadaran ya dogara da shekaru, jima'i, yanayin jiki, da motsa jiki. Rashin furotin a cikin abinci yana haifar da rushewar ayyukan gabobin ciki.

Musanya a jikin mutum

Protein metabolism wani tsari ne na matakai wanda ke nuna ayyukan sunadaran a cikin jiki: narkewa, rushewa, assimilation a cikin tsarin narkewa, da kuma shiga cikin kira na sababbin abubuwa da ake bukata don tallafin rayuwa. Ganin cewa metabolism na furotin yana daidaitawa, haɗawa, da daidaita yawancin halayen sinadarai, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci manyan matakan da ke tattare da canjin furotin.

Hanta tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin metabolism na peptide. Idan sashin tacewa ya daina shiga cikin wannan tsari, to bayan kwanaki 7 ana samun sakamako mai muni.

Tsarin tafiyar matakai na rayuwa.

1. Amino acid deamination. Wannan tsari ya zama dole don canza tsarin gina jiki mai yawa zuwa mai da carbohydrates. A lokacin halayen enzymatic, ana canza amino acid zuwa cikin daidaitattun keto acid, suna samar da ammonia, samfurin lalacewa. Deanimation na 90% na tsarin gina jiki yana faruwa a cikin hanta, kuma a wasu lokuta a cikin kodan. Banda shi ne sarkar amino acid (valine, leucine, isoleucine), wanda ke jurewa metabolism a cikin tsokoki na kwarangwal.
2. Samuwar urea. Ammoniya, wanda aka saki a lokacin da ake cire amino acid, yana da guba ga jikin mutum. Neuralization na abu mai guba yana faruwa a cikin hanta a ƙarƙashin rinjayar enzymes wanda ke canza shi zuwa uric acid. Bayan haka, urea yana shiga cikin koda, daga inda ake fitar da shi tare da fitsari. Ragowar kwayoyin halitta, wanda ba ya ƙunshi nitrogen, ana canza shi zuwa glucose, wanda ke fitar da makamashi lokacin da ya rushe.
3. Musanya tsakanin nau'ikan amino acid masu maye gurbinsu. Sakamakon halayen ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin hanta (raguwa amine, transamination na keto acid, canje-canjen amino acid), samuwar sifofin furotin masu maye gurbinsu da yanayin yanayin, waɗanda ke rama rashin su a cikin abinci.
4. Haɗin sunadarai na plasma. Kusan dukkanin sunadaran jini, ban da globulins, an kafa su a cikin hanta. Mafi mahimmancin su kuma mafi rinjaye a cikin sharuddan ƙididdiga shine albumin da abubuwan haɗin jini. Tsarin narkewar furotin a cikin tsarin narkewa yana faruwa ta hanyar aiwatar da aikin enzymes na proteolytic akan su don ba wa samfuran lalacewa damar shiga cikin jini ta bangon hanji.

Rushewar sunadaran yana farawa ne a cikin ciki a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ruwan 'ya'yan itace na ciki (pH 1,5-2), wanda ya ƙunshi pepsin enzyme, wanda ke haɓaka hydrolysis na peptide bond tsakanin amino acid. Bayan haka, narkewa yana ci gaba a cikin duodenum da jejunum, inda pancreatic da ruwan 'ya'yan itace na hanji (pH 7,2-8,2) dauke da precursors enzyme marasa aiki (trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase). Mucosa na hanji yana samar da enzyme enteropeptidase, wanda ke kunna waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta. Proteolytic abubuwa kuma suna kunshe a cikin sel na hanji mucosa, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa hydrolysis na kananan peptides faruwa bayan karshe sha.

A sakamakon irin wannan halayen, 95-97% na sunadaran suna rushewa zuwa amino acid kyauta, waɗanda ke shiga cikin ƙananan hanji. Tare da rashi ko ƙarancin aiki na proteases, furotin da ba a narkewa ba yana shiga cikin babban hanji, inda yake fuskantar tsarin lalata.

rashin gina jiki

Sunadaran wani nau'i ne na mahadi masu ɗauke da nitrogen masu ƙarfi, aiki da tsarin rayuwar ɗan adam. Idan akai la'akari da cewa sunadaran suna da alhakin gina sel, kyallen takarda, gabobin jiki, haɗin haemoglobin, enzymes, hormones peptide, al'ada na al'ada na rayuwa, rashin su a cikin abincin yana haifar da rushewar aiki na dukkan tsarin jiki.

Alamomin karancin furotin:

• hypotension da muscular dystrophy;
• nakasa;
• rage kauri na ninki na fata, musamman akan tsokar triceps na kafada;
• m asarar nauyi;
• gajiyawar tunani da ta jiki;
• kumburi (boye, sannan a bayyane);
• sanyi;
• raguwa a cikin turgor fata, sakamakon abin da ya zama bushe, flabby, lethargic, wrinkled;
• lalacewar yanayin aikin gashi (asara, raguwa, bushewa);
• rage yawan ci;
• rashin warkar da rauni;
• kullum jin yunwa ko ƙishirwa;
• gazawar fahimi ayyuka (ƙwaƙwalwa, hankali);
• rashin kiba (a cikin yara).

Ka tuna, alamun ƙarancin ƙarancin furotin na iya zama ba ya nan na dogon lokaci ko kuma yana iya ɓoyewa.

Koyaya, kowane lokaci na ƙarancin furotin yana tare da rauni na rigakafi na salula da haɓaka mai saurin kamuwa da cuta.

A sakamakon haka, marasa lafiya sau da yawa suna fama da cututtuka na numfashi, ciwon huhu, gastroenteritis, da pathologies na gabobin urinary. Tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin mahadi na nitrogenous na dogon lokaci, wani nau'i mai tsananin ƙarancin furotin-makamashi yana tasowa, tare da raguwar ƙarar myocardium, atrophy na nama na subcutaneous, da ɓacin rai na sararin intercostal.

Sakamakon mummunan nau'in rashi na furotin:

• jinkirin bugun jini;
• lalacewa a cikin shayar da furotin da sauran abubuwa saboda rashin isassun ƙwayoyin enzymes;
• raguwa a cikin ƙarar zuciya;
• karancin jini;
• take hakkin dasawa kwai;
• jinkirin girma (a cikin jarirai);
• aiki cuta na endocrine gland;
• rashin daidaituwa na hormonal;
• rashin ƙarancin jihohi;
• exacerbation na kumburi tafiyar matakai saboda illa kira na kariya dalilai (interferon da lysozyme);
• rage yawan numfashi.

Rashin furotin a cikin abincin da ake ci musamman yana da mummunar tasiri ga kwayoyin yara: ci gaba yana raguwa, haɓakar kashi yana damuwa, ci gaban tunani yana jinkirta.

Akwai nau'i biyu na ƙarancin furotin a cikin yara:

1. Hauka (rashin furotin busasshen). Wannan cuta tana da mummunan atrophy na tsokoki da nama na subcutaneous (saboda amfani da furotin), raguwar girma, da asarar nauyi. A lokaci guda, kumburi, bayyane ko ɓoye, ba ya nan a cikin 95% na lokuta.
2. Kwashiorkor (rashin furotin mai keɓe). A mataki na farko, yaron yana da rashin tausayi, rashin tausayi, rashin tausayi. Sa'an nan kuma ci gaban ci gaba, hypotension tsoka, m degeneration na hanta, da kuma raguwa a nama turgor aka lura. Tare da wannan, edema yana bayyana, masking asarar nauyi, hyperpigmentation na fata, peeling na wasu sassan jiki, da gashin gashi. Sau da yawa, tare da kwashiorkor, amai, gudawa, anorexia, kuma a lokuta masu tsanani, suma ko rashin hankali suna faruwa, wanda sau da yawa yakan mutu.

Tare da wannan, yara da manya na iya haɓaka nau'ikan rashi na furotin.

Dalilan haɓakar ƙarancin furotin

Dalilai masu yiwuwa na haɓaka ƙarancin furotin sune:

• rashin daidaituwa na inganci ko ƙididdiga na abinci (abincin abinci, yunwa, menu mai raɗaɗi-zuwa-gina jiki, rashin abinci mara kyau);
• rashin lafiya na rayuwa na amino acid;
• ƙãra asarar furotin daga fitsari;
• tsawaita rashin abubuwan ganowa;
• take hakkin gina jiki kira saboda na kullum pathologies na hanta;
• shan barasa, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi;
• konewa mai tsanani, zubar jini, cututtuka masu yaduwa;
• nakasa sha na furotin a cikin hanji.

Karancin makamashin furotin iri biyu ne: na farko da na sakandare. Rashin lafiya na farko shine saboda rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki a cikin jiki, kuma na biyu - sakamakon rashin aikin aiki ko shan kwayoyi da ke hana haɗin enzymes.

Tare da matakai mai sauƙi da matsakaici na ƙarancin furotin (na farko), yana da mahimmanci don kawar da abubuwan da za su iya haifar da ci gaban ilimin cututtuka. Don yin wannan, ƙara yawan abincin yau da kullun na sunadaran (daidai da madaidaicin nauyin jiki), rubuta abubuwan da ake amfani da su na multivitamin. Idan babu hakora ko raguwar ci, ana kuma amfani da gaurayawan abinci mai gina jiki don bincike ko ciyar da kai. Idan rashin furotin yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar gudawa, to ya fi dacewa ga marasa lafiya su ba da kayan yoghurt. Babu wani hali ba a bada shawarar cinye kayan kiwo saboda rashin iyawar jiki don sarrafa lactose.

Hanyoyi masu tsanani na rashin ƙarfi na sakandare suna buƙatar maganin marasa lafiya, tun da gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya zama dole don gano cutar. Don bayyana dalilin cutar, ana auna matakin mai karɓar interleukin-2 mai narkewa a cikin jini ko furotin C-reactive. Plasma albumin, fata antigens, jimlar lymphocyte kirga, da CD4+ T-lymphocytes kuma an gwada su don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da tarihi da sanin matakin rashin aiki.

Babban mahimmancin jiyya shine bin tsarin abinci mai sarrafawa, gyaran ruwa da ma'auni na lantarki, kawar da cututtukan cututtuka, jikewa na jiki tare da abubuwan gina jiki. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa rashin furotin na biyu na iya hana maganin cutar da ta haifar da ci gabanta, a wasu lokuta, ana ba da abinci mai gina jiki na parenteral ko bututu tare da gauraye mai yawa. A lokaci guda, ana amfani da maganin bitamin a cikin allurai sau biyu daidai da abin da ake buƙata na yau da kullun na mutum mai lafiya.

Idan majiyyaci yana da anorexia ko kuma ba a gano dalilin rashin aiki ba, ana kuma amfani da magungunan da ke ƙara ƙoshin abinci. Don ƙara yawan ƙwayar tsoka, ana amfani da magungunan anabolic steroids (a karkashin kulawar likita). Mayar da ma'aunin furotin a cikin manya yana faruwa a hankali, sama da watanni 6-9. A cikin yara, lokacin cikakken dawowa yana ɗaukar watanni 3-4.

Ka tuna, don rigakafin ƙarancin furotin, yana da mahimmanci a haɗa samfuran furotin na tushen shuka da dabba a cikin abincin ku kowace rana.

yawan abin sama

Cin abinci mai arziki a cikin furotin da yawa yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Yawan adadin furotin a cikin abinci ba shi da haɗari fiye da rashin sa.

Halayen alamun wuce gona da iri a cikin jiki:

• tsananta matsalar koda da hanta;
• asarar ci, numfashi;
• ƙara yawan tashin hankali;
• yawan jinin haila (a mata);
• wahalar kawar da kiba mai yawa;
• matsaloli tare da tsarin zuciya;
• ƙara rubewa a cikin hanji.

Kuna iya ƙayyade cin zarafin furotin metabolism ta amfani da ma'aunin nitrogen. Idan adadin nitrogen da aka ɗauka a ciki da fitar ya yi daidai, an ce mutumin yana da ma'auni mai kyau. Ma'auni mara kyau yana nuna rashin wadataccen abinci ko rashin sha na furotin, wanda ke haifar da konewar furotin na mutum. Wannan lamarin yana haifar da ci gaban gajiya.

Kadan wuce haddi na furotin a cikin abinci, da ake buƙata don kula da ma'aunin nitrogen na al'ada, ba shi da lahani ga lafiyar ɗan adam. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da yawan amino acid a matsayin tushen makamashi. Duk da haka, idan babu motsa jiki ga yawancin mutane, cin abinci mai gina jiki da ya wuce gram 1,7 a kowace kilogiram 1 na nauyin jiki yana taimakawa wajen canza furotin mai yawa zuwa mahadi na nitrogenous (urea), glucose, wanda dole ne a fitar da kodan. Yawan adadin abin da ke cikin ginin yana haifar da samuwar acid dauki na jiki, karuwa a cikin asarar calcium. Bugu da ƙari, sunadaran dabba sau da yawa ya ƙunshi purines, wanda za'a iya ajiyewa a cikin haɗin gwiwa, wanda shine farkon ci gaban gout.

Yawan adadin furotin a jikin mutum ba kasafai ba ne. A yau, a cikin abinci na al'ada, sunadaran sunadaran (amino acid) suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin gaske.

FAQ

Menene ribobi da fursunoni na sunadarai na dabba da shuka?

Babban fa'idar tushen furotin na dabba shine cewa suna ɗauke da duk mahimman amino acid ɗin da ake buƙata don jiki, galibi a cikin tsari mai mahimmanci. Rashin hasara na irin wannan sunadaran shine karɓar adadin da ya wuce kima na ginin ginin, wanda shine sau 2-3 na yau da kullum. Bugu da ƙari, samfurori na asalin dabba sau da yawa sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu cutarwa (hormones, maganin rigakafi, mai, cholesterol), wanda ke haifar da guba na jiki ta hanyar lalata kayayyakin, wanke "calcium" daga kasusuwa, haifar da ƙarin nauyi akan hanta.

Sunadaran kayan lambu suna shayar da jiki sosai. Ba su ƙunshi sinadarai masu cutarwa waɗanda ke zuwa tare da sunadaran dabbobi ba. Duk da haka, sunadaran shuka ba su da lahani. Yawancin samfurori (sai dai waken soya) ana haɗe su tare da mai (a cikin tsaba), sun ƙunshi ƙarancin ƙarancin amino acid masu mahimmanci.

Wane furotin ne ya fi sha a jikin mutum?

1. Kwai, matakin sha ya kai 95 - 100%.
2. Milk, cuku - 85-95%.
3. Nama, kifi - 80 - 92%.
4. Soja - 60-80%.
5. hatsi - 50-80%.
6. wake - 40-60%.

Wannan bambance-bambancen shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa tsarin narkewar abinci ba ya samar da enzymes da ake bukata don rushe kowane nau'in furotin.

Menene shawarwarin shan furotin?

1. Rufe bukatun yau da kullun na jiki.
2. Tabbatar cewa haɗuwa daban-daban na furotin sun shigo tare da abinci.
3. Kada ku zagi cin abinci mai yawa na furotin na dogon lokaci.
4. Kada ku ci abinci mai wadataccen furotin da dare.
5. Haɗa sunadaran kayan lambu da asalin dabba. Wannan zai inganta sha.
6. Ga 'yan wasa kafin horo don shawo kan manyan lodi, ana ba da shawarar shan furotin mai wadataccen furotin. Bayan aji, gainer yana taimakawa don sake cika abubuwan da ake buƙata na gina jiki. Ƙarin wasanni yana haɓaka matakin carbohydrates, amino acid a cikin jiki, yana ƙarfafa saurin dawo da ƙwayar tsoka.
7. Ya kamata sunadaran dabba su zama kashi 50% na abincin yau da kullun.
8. Don cire samfuran metabolism na furotin, ana buƙatar ƙarin ruwa fiye da rushewa da sarrafa sauran abubuwan abinci. Don kauce wa bushewa, kuna buƙatar sha 1,5-2 lita na ruwa maras carbonated kowace rana. Don kula da ma'auni na ruwa-gishiri, ana ba da shawarar 'yan wasa su cinye lita 3 na ruwa.

Nawa furotin ne za a iya narkewa a lokaci guda?

Daga cikin masu goyon bayan ciyarwa akai-akai, akwai ra'ayi cewa ba za a iya sha fiye da gram 30 na furotin a kowace abinci ba. An yi imani da cewa mafi girma girma lodi da narkewa kamar fili da kuma shi ba zai iya jimre da narkewar samfurin. Duk da haka, wannan ba kome ba ne face tatsuniya.

Jikin ɗan adam a zaune ɗaya yana iya cin nasara fiye da gram 200 na furotin. Wani ɓangare na furotin zai je don shiga cikin tsarin anabolic ko SMP kuma za a adana shi azaman glycogen. Babban abin da za a tuna shi ne cewa yawancin sunadaran suna shiga cikin jiki, tsawon lokacin da za a narke shi, amma duk za a sha.

Yawan adadin sunadaran sunadaran suna haifar da haɓakar kitse a cikin hanta, haɓaka haɓakar glandar endocrine da tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, yana haɓaka hanyoyin lalata, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri akan kodan.

Kammalawa

Sunadaran wani bangare ne na dukkan kwayoyin halitta, kyallen jikin jiki, gabobin jikin mutum. Sunadaran suna da alhakin tsari, mota, sufuri, makamashi da ayyukan rayuwa. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su suna da hannu a cikin shayar da ma'adanai, bitamin, fats, carbohydrates, haɓaka rigakafi da kuma zama kayan gini don ƙwayoyin tsoka.

Isasshen abinci na yau da kullun na furotin (duba Tebura na 2 "Buƙatun Dan Adam don Protein") shine mabuɗin don kiyaye lafiya da walwala cikin yini.