Neuroblastoma yana daya daga cikin ciwace-ciwacen da aka fi sani da yara. Muna magana game da ƙarin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta saboda yana farawa a cikin tsarin juyayi amma ba a cikin kwakwalwa ba. Za a iya la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukan magani da yawa dangane da lamarin.

Ma'anar neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma wani nau'in ciwon daji ne. Wannan mummunan ƙwayar cuta yana da mahimmancin haɓakawa a matakin neuroblasts, waɗanda ba su da girma jijiyoyi na tsarin juyayi mai tausayi. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙai uku na tsarin juyayi mai cin gashin kansa wanda ke jagorantar ayyukan ba da son rai na kwayoyin halitta kamar numfashi da narkewa.

Neuroblastoma na iya tasowa a wurare daban-daban na jiki. Duk da haka, irin wannan ciwon daji ya fi bayyana a cikin ciki a matakin glanden adrenal (wanda yake sama da kodan), da kuma tare da kashin baya. Mafi wuya, yana iya faruwa a cikin wuyansa, thorax ko pelvis (kananan ƙashin ƙugu).

Yayin da yake girma, neuroblastoma na iya haifar da metastasis. Waɗannan su ne cututtukan daji na biyu: sel na ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta farko suna tserewa kuma suna mamaye wasu kyallen takarda da / ko gabobin.

Rarraba neuroblastoma

Ana iya rarraba ciwon daji bisa ga sigogi da yawa. Misali, tsarawa yana taimakawa tantance girman cutar kansa. A cikin yanayin neuroblastoma, ana amfani da nau'i biyu na staging.

Mataki na farko shine mafi yawan amfani da shi. Yana rarraba neuroblastomas daga matakai 1 zuwa 4 kuma ya haɗa da wani mataki na 4s. Wannan rarrabuwa ce ta tsanani, daga mafi ƙaranci zuwa mafi tsanani:

• Matakan 1 zuwa 3 sun dace da siffofin gida;
• mataki na 4 yana nuna siffofin metastatic (ƙaurawar ƙwayoyin ciwon daji da kuma mulkin mallaka na wasu sifofi a cikin jiki);
• mataki na 4s wani nau'i ne na musamman wanda ke nuna metastases a cikin hanta, fata da kasusuwa.

Mataki na biyu kuma yana da matakai 4: L1, L2, M, MS. Ba wai kawai yana ba da damar bambance gida (L) daga siffofin metastatic (M) ba, har ma don la'akari da wasu abubuwan haɗari na tiyata.

Yana haifar da neuroblastoma

Kamar sauran nau'ikan ciwon daji, neuroblastomas suna da asalin da ba a riga an kafa shi ba.

Har zuwa yau, an lura cewa ci gaban neuroblastoma na iya zama saboda ko kuma fifikon cututtuka daban-daban:

• nau'in 1 neurofibromatosis, ko cutar Recklinghausen, wanda shine rashin daidaituwa a cikin ci gaban ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi;
• Cutar Hirschsprung wanda shine sakamakon rashin ganglia na jijiyoyi a bangon hanji;
• Ciwon Ondine, ko nakasassu na tsakiya na alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin kulawar tsakiya na numfashi da watsa lalacewa ga tsarin juyayi mai cin gashin kansa.

A lokuta masu wuya, an kuma ga neuroblastoma a cikin mutanen da:

• Ciwon Beckwith-Wiedemann wanda ke da girman girma da lahani na haihuwa;
• Di-George ciwo, wani lahani na haihuwa a cikin chromosomes wanda yawanci yana haifar da lahani na zuciya, dysmorphism na fuska, jinkirin ci gaba da rashin ƙarfi.

Diagnostic du neuroblastome

Ana iya zargin irin wannan nau'in ciwon daji saboda wasu alamun asibiti. Ana iya tabbatar da ganewar asali na neuroblastoma da zurfafa ta:

• gwajin fitsari wanda yayi la'akari da matakan wasu metabolites wanda fitowar su ya karu yayin neuroblastoma (misali homovanilic acid (HVA), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), dopamine);
• hoton ƙwayar cuta ta farko ta hanyar duban dan tayi, CT scan ko MRI (hoton maganadisu na maganadisu);
• MIBG (metaiodobenzylguanidine) scintigraphy, wanda yayi daidai da gwajin hoto a cikin maganin nukiliya;
• biopsy wanda ya ƙunshi ɗaukar wani yanki don bincike, musamman idan ana zargin cutar kansa.

Ana iya amfani da waɗannan gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da ganewar asali na neuroblastoma, don auna girmansa da kuma bincika kasancewar ko rashin metastases.

Neuroblastomas galibi suna faruwa a jarirai da yara ƙanana. Suna wakiltar kashi 10% na cututtukan daji na yara da kashi 15% na ciwace-ciwacen daji a cikin yara masu ƙasa da shekaru 5. Kowace shekara, ana gano sabbin maganganu kusan 180 a Faransa.

• Asymptomatic: Neuroblastoma na iya tafiya ba a gane shi ba, musamman a farkon matakansa. Alamun farko na neuroblastoma ana ganin su sau da yawa lokacin da ciwon daji ke yadawa.
• Ciwo na gida: Ci gaban neuroblastoma sau da yawa yana tare da ciwo a cikin yankin da aka shafa.
• Kumburi na gida: Kullun, dunƙule, ko kumburi na iya bayyana a yankin da abin ya shafa.
• Canje-canje na yanayin gaba ɗaya: Neuroblastoma yana rushe aikin da ya dace na tsarin mai juyayi, wanda zai iya haifar da asarar ci, asarar nauyi, ci gaba a hankali.

Ya zuwa yau, ana iya aiwatar da manyan jiyya guda uku:

• tiyata don cire ƙari;
• maganin radiation, wanda ke amfani da radiation don lalata kwayoyin cutar kansa;
• chemotherapy, wanda ke amfani da sinadarai don iyakance haɓakar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa.

Bayan maganin da aka ambata a sama, za a iya sanya dashen kwayar halitta don dawo da aikin da ya dace na jiki.

Immunotherapy wata sabuwar hanya ce ta magance ciwon daji. Zai iya zama madaidaici ko madadin magungunan da aka ambata a sama. Ana ci gaba da bincike da yawa. Manufar immunotherapy ita ce ta motsa garkuwar garkuwar jiki don yaƙar ci gaban ƙwayoyin cutar kansa.

Asalin neuroblastomas ya kasance da rashin fahimta har yau. Ba za a iya gano matakin kariya ba.

Rigakafin rikitarwa ya dogara da ganewar asali da wuri. Wani lokaci yana yiwuwa a gano neuroblastoma a lokacin duban dan tayi. In ba haka ba, tsaro yana da mahimmanci bayan haihuwa. Kula da lafiyar yaro na yau da kullun yana da mahimmanci.