Muscarin (Muscarin)
Wannan yana daya daga cikin alkaloids masu guba, wanda Schmideberg ya gano. An samo shi a cikin gardama agaric Amanita muscaria ko Agaricus Muscarius L. Daga dangin agaric Hymenomycetes (Hymenomycetes). Hakanan muscarine An samo shi a cikin fungi Boletus luridus da Amanita pantherina da kuma cikin naman gwari Inocybe.
jiki Properties
Wannan alkaloid da aka samu daga naman kaza ana kiransa naman kaza ko muscarine na dabi'a, kuma tsarinsa na zahiri shine C5H15NO8, yayin da ba a sami tsarin tsari ba. Muscarine na dabi'a ba shi da wari kuma marar ɗanɗano kuma ruwa ne na syrupy tare da amsawar alkaline mai ƙarfi, wanda, lokacin da aka bushe a gaban sulfuric acid, a hankali ya juya zuwa yanayin crystalline. A cikin iska, lu'ulu'u na alkaloid yada sauri sosai, kuma muscarine ya koma wani ruwa mai sikari. Yana da narkewa sosai a cikin barasa da ruwa, ba shi da kyau sosai a cikin chloroform, kuma gaba ɗaya ba ya narkewa a cikin ether. Idan yana zafi sama da digiri 100, to, an lalata shi, kuma wani wari mai ban sha'awa na taba ya bayyana. Lokacin da aka bi da shi da gubar oxide ko caustic alkali da zafi, ana canza shi zuwa trimethylamine, kuma tare da sulfuric ko hydrochloric acid yana haifar da salts crystalline. Akwai zato cewa tsarin muscarine yayi kama da tsarin choline (C5H15NO2):
H3C/CH2CH(OH)2
H3C-N
H3C / OH
Amma gwaje-gwajen Schmiedeberg da Harnack sun nuna cewa alkaloid na wucin gadi, wanda aka samo ta hanyar synthetically daga choline, yana shafar dabbobi daban-daban fiye da na halitta. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa muscarines na wucin gadi da na halitta ba iri ɗaya bane.
Muhimmancin magani
Dukan alkaloids na naman kaza da naman da aka samu a halin yanzu ba a amfani da su don dalilai na warkewa, amma mahimmancin likitancin su yana da girma sosai. A zamanin da, an yi ƙoƙari don magance farfaɗo da tsarin oncological na gland tare da muscarine. An kuma ba da shawarar a yi amfani da shi a cikin cututtukan ido da kuma maganin ulcers. Amma duk waɗannan gwaje-gwajen an dakatar da su saboda keɓaɓɓen guba na fili.
amma muscarine yana da babban mai guba, ka'idar da mahimmancin magunguna. Yana cikin rukuni na guba na parasympathicotropic, wanda ke da tasiri mai ban sha'awa a kan jijiyoyi na parasympathicotropic na gefe, yayin da alkaloid yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan tsarin juyayi. Wannan fasalin ya sa ya zama mai daraja a matsayin wakili na magunguna wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a cikin gwaje-gwaje kamar motsa jiki na lantarki ko maimakon shi.
Idan a cikin ƙananan allurai kun gabatar da na halitta muscarine a cikin jikin dabba, sannan akwai raguwar ayyukan zuciya (inotropic mara kyau da tasirin chronotropic), kuma a cikin manyan allurai yana fara haifar da raguwa da rauni na contractions na systolic. Sannan a lokacin diastolic, cikakken kamawar zuciya yana faruwa.
Aiki a jiki
Wani bincike da masana kimiyya daban-daban suka gudanar ya nuna cewa muscarine yana da gurguntaccen tasiri a kan tsarin juyayi na gefe na numfashi, yana haifar da karuwar tsokoki na ciki da na hanji, kuma motsin hanji yana iya gani ko da ta hanyar bangon ciki. . Idan ana gudanar da muscarine a cikin babban kashi, to, akwai ƙungiyoyi masu ɓarna, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da antiperistalsis, amai da zawo farawa. Alamar bayyanannen guba na muscarine shine yanayin spastic na ƙanƙancewar ciki duka ko sassan sa, sannan shakatawa. A cewar Schmideberg, muscarine yana da matukar tasiri a kan hanji da ciki, ba wai kawai saboda tasirinsa a kan ƙarshen jijiyar vagus da ke cikin waɗannan gabobin ba, har ma saboda tasirinsa ga ƙwayoyin ganglion na Auerbach plexus. . Har ila yau, wannan alkaloid yana haifar da spastic contractions a cikin wasu sassan tsoka masu santsi, misali, a cikin mahaifa, safa da mafitsara. Ƙunƙwasawa yana faruwa ne sakamakon sakamako mai ban haushi na abu a kan masu karɓa na gefe na jijiyoyi na parasympathetic da ke cikin waɗannan gabobin, da kuma sakamakon tasirin na'urorin ganglion na jijiyar atomatik, ta hanyar kwatanta da yadda ya faru a cikin zuciya. Almajiri na ido a ƙarƙashin rinjayar muscarine yana raguwa sosai, spasm na masauki yana tasowa. Wadannan al'amura guda biyu sun kasance saboda aikin alkaloid akan masu karɓa na filaye na parasympathetic na jijiyar oculomotor da ke cikin jijiyoyi na madauwari na iris da kuma cikin tsokar ciliary.
Schmideberg ya gano cewa muscarine na naman kaza baya aiki akan jijiyoyi, sabanin muscarine na wucin gadi, wanda ke gurgunta ƙarshen jijiya. Daga baya Hans Meyer da Gonda sun tabbatar da hakan. Don haka, kaddarorin masu kama da curare sun bambanta da muscarine na roba wanda aka samo daga choline.
Muscarine na naman kaza yana kunna gland na gastrointestinal tract, yana motsa ƙwayar bile da ruwan 'ya'yan itace pancreatic. Hakanan yana ƙara salivation, gumi da lacrimation. An bayyana ɓarna na yau da kullun a ƙarƙashin aikin muscarine ta hanyar cewa yana fusatar da ƙarshen jijiya na gefe (wannan ya tabbatar da Schmideberg). Sirrin duk sauran gland yana inganta ta hanyar bacin rai na muscarine akan jijiyoyi na scapular. A wannan yanayin, manufar aikin muscarine shine ƙarshen jijiya na gefe.
Mai adawa da muscarine kai tsaye shine atropine, wanda ke toshe tasirin muscarine ta hanyar gurgunta ƙarshen jijiyoyi na parasympathetic. Ana bayyana wannan a lokuta inda muscarine yana da tasiri mai ban haushi a kan masu karɓa na gefe na kowane jijiyar parasympathetic. Saboda haka, atropine da sauri yana kawar da kamawar zuciya na diastolic da rage yawan bugun zuciya wanda muscarine ya tsokane shi. Atropine kuma yana dakatar da ƙara yawan peristalsis, antiperistalsis da spasms na ciki da kuma hanji, masauki spasm da ƙanƙancewar almajiri, ƙanƙarar mafitsara, da kuma ƙara yawan aikin jijiyoyi daban-daban (gumi, salivary da sauransu). Atropine sulfate yana haifar da tasirin sa na gaba akan muscarine a cikin ƙaramin adadin (0,001-0,1 MG). Muscarine kuma an san shi don dakatar da aikin atropine akan zuciya, idanu, glandan submandibular, da glandan gumi. Saboda haka, akwai ra'ayi cewa muscarine da atropine su ne masu adawa da juna. Amma a lokaci guda, ana buƙatar muscarine mai yawa (har zuwa 7 g) don dakatar da aikin atropine. Dangane da haka, da wuya a ce muscarine yana da takamaiman tasiri a kan atropine, kuma yawancin masana harhada magunguna na da ra'ayin cewa har yanzu ba a warware batun gaba da juna na wadannan mahadi guda biyu ba.
Har ila yau, masu adawa da muscarine sun hada da aconitine, hyoscyamine, veratrin, scopolamine, physostigmine, digitalin, delphinium, camphor, helleborine, chloral hydrate, adrenaline. Akwai bayanai masu ban sha'awa da Tsondek ya gabatar cewa calcium chloride shima yana da tasirin gaba akan muscarine.
Hankalin dabbobi daban-daban ga muscarine na iya bambanta sosai. Don haka cat ya mutu daga allurar subcutaneous na muscarine a kashi na 4 MG bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, kuma a kashi na 12 MG bayan mintuna 10-15. Karnuka suna jure wa mafi girma allurai na alkaloid. Mutane suna da matukar damuwa da wannan abu. Schmideberg da Koppe sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kansu kuma sun gano cewa allurar muscarine a kashi na 3 MG ya riga ya haifar da guba, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar salivation mai karfi, saurin jini zuwa kai, dizziness, rauni, ja na fata, tashin zuciya da kaifi. zafi a cikin ciki, tachycardia, hangen nesa na takaici da spasm na masauki. Haka kuma ana samun karuwar zufa a fuska da kuma raguwa kadan a wasu sassan jiki.
Hoton guba
Game da guba na naman kaza, hoton zai iya zama kama da bayanin guba na muscarine, amma yawanci har yanzu ya bambanta saboda gaskiyar cewa agaric kwari yana dauke da abubuwa masu guba iri-iri masu kama da atropine da sauran mahadi waɗanda, a gefe guda, suna shafar tsakiya. tsarin jin tsoro, kuma a gefe guda, dakatar da aikin muscarine . Saboda haka, guba za a iya kwatanta ko dai bayyanar cututtuka daga ciki da kuma hanji (ciwon ciki, amai, zafi, zawo) ko gaba daya daban-daban bayyanar cututtuka, misali, yanayin maye tare da delirium da tashin hankali mai karfi, dizziness, m sha'awar halakar da komai. kewaye, buƙatar motsawa. Sa'an nan rawar jiki na faruwa a ko'ina cikin jiki, epileptiform da tetanic convulsions suna faruwa, almajiri ya faɗaɗa, saurin bugun jini yakan ragu sosai, numfashi yana damuwa, ya zama marar daidaituwa, yanayin jiki yana raguwa sosai kuma yanayin rushewa yana tasowa. A wannan yanayin, mutuwa tana faruwa a cikin kwanaki biyu ko uku. A cikin yanayin murmurewa, mutum yana murmurewa a hankali, ana lura da yanayin hyperleukocytosis a cikin jini, kuma jinin da kansa yana yin coagulate sosai. Amma har ya zuwa yau, babu wani abin dogaro kuma cikakken tabbataccen bayanai game da canje-canjen jini, kamar yadda babu bayanai kan canje-canjen cututtukan cututtuka yayin guba.
Taimako na farko
Da farko, idan akwai guba tare da namomin kaza, wajibi ne a cire abin da ke ciki daga ciki da hanji. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da emetics, lavage na ciki tare da bincike, da hanji tare da enema. A ciki a cikin manyan allurai suna shan man castor. Idan bayyanar cututtuka na halayen guba na muscarine sun fi rinjaye, to, atropine yana allurar subcutaneously. Idan guba yana tasowa ne musamman a ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwa masu kama da atropine, to ba za a iya amfani da atropine a matsayin maganin rigakafi ba.
Muscarine na wucin gadi, wanda aka samo daga choline, shine mafi binciken. An san kadan game da sauran muscarines na wucin gadi. Anhydromuscarine yana ƙara zubar da gumi da miya, kuma ba shi da tasiri akan idanu da zuciya. Yana haifar da mutuwa saboda shanyewar numfashi. Isomuscarine baya haifar da kamawar zuciya, amma yana rage yawan bugun zuciya, wanda za'a iya juyawa tare da atropine. A cikin tsuntsaye, yana haifar da raguwar almajiri, kuma a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa yana da tasirin curare kamar jijiyoyi na motsa jiki da haɓaka aikin sirrin gland, baya shafar idanu da hanji, amma yana ƙara hawan jini. Ptomatomuscarine yana da irin wannan tasiri ga cholinemuscarine, wanda ke nuna cewa suna da irin wannan tsarin sinadaran. Har yanzu ba a yi nazarin aikin likitanci na uromuscarin ba. Haka za a iya ce game da pharmacological mataki na carnomoscarin.