Abubuwan da ake amfani da su sune suturar waje na jiki. A cikin mutane, fata ne da abubuwan da ke tattare da ita kamar su integuments: gashi, gashi, kusoshi. Babban aikin integuments shine kare kwayoyin halitta daga hare-hare daga yanayin waje. Bayani.

Abubuwan da ake amfani da su sune suturar waje na jiki. Suna tabbatar da kariyar jiki daga hare-haren da yawa daga yanayin waje. Sun ƙunshi fata da sassa daban-daban ko kayan haɗin fata.

A fata da aka yi sama da 3 yadudduka wanda zo daga 2 kyallen takarda daban-daban mahaifa asalin: da ectoderm da mesodam. Waɗannan nau'ikan fata guda 3 sune:

• epidermis (bayyane a saman fata);
• dermis (wanda yake a ƙarƙashin epidermis);
• hypodermis (mafi zurfin Layer).

Fuskar integument yana da matukar muhimmanci, farawa da na fata wanda shine game da 2², nauyi 4 zuwa 10 kg a manya. Kaurin fata, 2 mm a matsakaita, ya bambanta daga 1 mm a matakin fatar ido zuwa 4 mm a matakin tafin hannu da tafin ƙafafu.

Fatar jiki ita ce babban ƙwayar cuta. Ya ƙunshi nau'i uku: epidermis, dermis da hypodermis.

A epidermis, saman fata

An samo epidermis a saman fata. Ya ƙunshi epithelium da sel masu haɗawa na asalin ectodermal. Ita ce babban tsarin kariya na jiki. A epidermis ba vascularized. An haɗa wasu sifofi masu alaƙa da shi, irin su ƙusoshin (ƙusoshi, gashi, gashi, da sauransu) da glandan fata.

A gindin epidermis shine basal Layer. An rufe shi da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ake kira keratinocyte (kwayoyin da ke haɗa keratin). Bayan lokaci, tarin keratin a cikin sel yana haifar da mutuwarsu. Layer na matattu sel da ake kira stratum corneum yana rufe saman epidermis. Wannan Layer marar lalacewa yana kare jiki kuma an kawar da shi ta hanyar lalacewa.

Ƙarƙashin ɓangaren basal na epidermal akwai jijiyoyi masu dangantaka da ƙwayoyin jijiya a cikin epidermis ko Merckel Kwayoyin.

Har ila yau, epidermis yana da melanocytes waɗanda ke haɗa ƙwayar melanin da ke ba da damar kariya ta UV da ba da fata launinta.

Sama da basal Layer akwai prickly Layer wanda ya ƙunshi Kwayoyin Langerhans waɗanda ke yin aikin rigakafi. Sama da ƙaya akwai ƙwanƙolin ƙwanƙolin (wanda ke kewaye da stratum corneum).

The dermis, mai goyon bayan nama

Le dermis shine kayan tallafi na epidermis. Ya ƙunshi nama mai haɗi na asalin mesodermal. Yana bayyana sako-sako fiye da epidermis. Yana ƙunshe da masu karɓa don ma'anar taɓawa da abubuwan haɗin fata.

Yana da nama mai gina jiki na epidermis godiya ga vascularization: wanda aka ba shi da jini mai yawa da tasoshin lymphatic, yana tabbatar da samar da iskar oxygen da na gina jiki ga tsarin tsarin integumentary da dawowar sharar gida (CO).², ureas, da sauransu) zuwa ga gabobin tsarkakewa (huhu, koda, da sauransu). Har ila yau, yana shiga cikin ci gaba da tsarin kwarangwal (ta hanyar dermal ossification).

dermis an yi shi da nau'i biyu na zaruruwa masu haɗaka: collagen fibers da elastin fibers. Collagen yana shiga cikin hydration na dermis yayin da elastin ya ba shi ƙarfi da juriya. Wadannan zaruruwa suna ɓoye ta hanyar fibroblasts.

Ƙarshen jijiyoyi sun haye dermis kuma su shiga cikin epidermis. Akwai kuma gawarwaki daban-daban:

• Meissner's corpuscles (m don taɓawa);
• Ruffini's corpuscles (m ga zafi);
• Pacini's corpuscles (matsi mai matsi).

A ƙarshe, dermis yana da nau'ikan sel pigment (wanda ake kira chromatophores).

A hypodermis, mai zurfi Layer

L'hypoderma yana da alaƙa da fata ba tare da ainihin ɓangarensa ba. Ya ƙunshi adipose connective tissue (na asalin mesodermal) kamar yadda yake a wasu yankuna na jiki. Wannan nama yana kama da dermis sako-sako fiye da epidermis.

Appendages fata suna cikin dermis.

Pilosebaceous na'urar

Wannan ya ƙunshi:

• na gashin gashi wanda ya sa ya yiwu a yi gashin gashi;
• da sebaceous gland shine yake samar da sebum;
• glandan apocrine na suboriparous wanda ke ɗauke da saƙon ƙanshi;
• na tsokar pilomotor wanda ke sa gashi ya mike.

Na'urar yin gumi na eccrine

Yana haifar da gumi da ƙuraje ke fitarwa.

Nail na'urar

Yana samar da ƙusa.

Integument yana yin ayyuka da yawa a cikin jiki:

• Kariya daga UV, ruwa da zafi (launi mai hana ruwa), rauni, ƙwayoyin cuta, da dai sauransu;
• Ayyukan jin daɗi : masu karɓa na hankali a cikin fata suna ba da damar jin dadi ga zafi, matsa lamba, taɓawa, da dai sauransu;
• Tsarin bitamin D;
• Fitar da abubuwa da sharar gida;
• Tsarin zafi (ta hanyar zubar da gumi don daidaita yanayin zafi na ciki, da sauransu).