Masu fafutuka na dabba sun ba da shawarar mayar da kifayen kifaye zuwa yanayin yanayi, kuma su yi amfani da tafkin don wasan kwaikwayo na farko a duniya a ƙarƙashin ruwa da kuma sansanin horo don masu nutsewa kyauta.
Labarin kisa kifi, wanda aka boye a cikin tankuna kusa da tekun Moscow da ake ginawa sama da shekara guda, yana cike da jita-jita da ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna. Kasancewar ƙungiyoyin kare dabbobi da ƙwararrun masana masu zaman kansu ba a taɓa yarda su shiga cikin waɗannan wuraren ba yana haifar da yanke shawara mai ban tausayi. Jagorancin VDNKh ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk abin da ke cikin tsari tare da kisa whales kuma an halicci yanayi masu kyau a gare su. Amma yana yiwuwa a wajen teku? Shin manyan dabbobi biyar har ma da mita goma, suna yin iyo a cikin yanayi sama da kilomita 150 a rana, suna iya rayuwa cikin zaman talala? Kuma me yasa ake samun yanayin rufe wuraren shakatawa na ruwa a duniya?
Amma da farko abubuwa farko.
Al'amarin "Moscow" killer Whales: Chronology
Ranar 2 ga Disamba, shekara ce tun bayan da wasu kifayen kifayen kifaye guda biyu da aka kama a Gabas Mai Nisa don tekun Moscow da ake ginawa suna ta fama da sifofi guda biyu da aka lulluɓe da wani rataya mai ɗaci a sama. An isar da dabbobin a cikin jirgin na musamman na sa'o'i 10 daga Vladivostok zuwa Moscow tare da tsayawa a Krasnoyarsk, kuma duk wannan a cikin sirrin sirri. A cewar rahotannin kafofin watsa labaru, an kawo dabba na uku zuwa Moscow daga Sochi mako guda da ya wuce.
Gaskiyar cewa ana jin sauti masu ban mamaki daga rataye na VDNKh shine farkon da mazauna yankin da baƙi suka fara magana a baje kolin. An fara tattauna batun a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a, kira ga kungiyoyin kare dabbobi da aka yi ruwan sama. Ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, jagorancin Cibiyar Nunin Duk-Russian na lokacin (wanda aka sake masa suna a VDNKh kadan daga baya) ya sami bukatar wani dan jarida ya nemi ya bayyana abin da ma'aikatan nunin ke boye a cikin tankuna. Fabrairu 27, ya samu amsar cewa tankuna bauta wa manufar samar da ruwa na All-Russian nuni Center.
Watanni da yawa sun shude, jita-jita da zato (kamar yadda ya faru daga baya, ba tare da tushe ba) kawai ya girma. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, mataimakin magajin gari kan harkokin siyasa da gine-gine na babban birnin kasar, Marat Khusnullin, ya ce hakika an sayi kifin kifi na tekun da ake ginawa, amma suna Gabas mai Nisa.
Daga baya, Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dabbobi ta Vita ta sami bayanai akan gidajen yanar gizo na jaridun jihar na yankin Krasnoyarsk cewa jirgin IL ya yi jigilar kisa zuwa babban birnin kasar a watan Disamba na 2013 kuma an samu nasarar isar da su zuwa VDNKh. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi da wani dan jarida da ya juya zuwa Cibiyar baje kolin Rasha ta Rasha tare da bukatar ya rubuta wata sanarwa ga 'yan sanda, inda bayan kwanaki 10 suka samu amsa da ke tabbatar da daidaito. A lokaci guda kuma, an hana shari'ar aikata laifuka game da zalunci ga dabbobi "Vita", tun da masu kisa whales a cikin shaidarsu sun ce an halicci duk yanayin da ya dace don kiyaye dabbobi. Ba a bayar da sakamakon nazarin da kuma ƙarshe na likitocin dabbobi da masana ba, ba tare da la'akari da tsarin kayan aiki ba.
A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, Vita ya shirya sanarwar manema labarai na hukuma wanda ya haifar da abin kunya na gaske. A zahiri 'yan jarida sun kai hari a rataye, suna ƙoƙarin cire fursunonin, amma masu gadin ba su bar kowa a ciki ba, suna ci gaba da karyata gaskiyar lamarin.
Wakilan kungiyoyin jama'a guda biyu, tare da tashoshi takwas na watsa labaru, sun nemi sharhi daga gudanarwa na VDNKh. Dangane da mayar da martani, an hana tawagar jama'a samun damar yin amfani da kifayen kifaye. Da maraice na wannan rana, sabis na 'yan jarida na VDNKh ya aika da bidiyo da hotuna zuwa kafofin watsa labaru, wanda ake zargi da tabbatar da kyakkyawan yanayin dabbobi:
Irina Novozhilova, shugabar Cibiyar Jin Dadin Dabbobi ta Vita ta ce: "An ɗauki hotunan ne da kyamara mai faɗin kusurwa, wanda ya riga ya ba da damar yin jirgin sama daga sauro, kuma ana nuna dabbobi kusa da kan allo." – Wannan shine yadda suke ɗaukar hotuna don littattafan dafa abinci lokacin da kuke buƙatar nuna teku. Ana ɗaukar kofi, tsire-tsire na gida yana baya, an cire saman ruwa a daidai kusurwar daidaitacce. Kashegari, manyan labarai sun fito a mafi yawan kafofin watsa labarai, suna yabon tekun. Ga dukkan alamu wasu ’yan jarida sun manta cewa ba a bar kowa a ciki ba, kuma ba a bayar da sakamakon jarrabawar da za a iya yi ba.
Watanni biyu sun wuce kuma lamarin bai canza ba. Amma ya yi nasarar kai karar Vita LLC Sochi Dolphinarium (ana gina reshensa a babban birni - ed.). Shari’ar ta bayyana cewa kungiyar ta yi zargin bata suna da mutunci da martabar wakilan kungiyar ta tekun. Ba a gudanar da shari'ar a Moscow ba, amma a Anapa (a wurin rajista na mai gabatar da kara), saboda wani mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo daga Anapa ya kalli hira da Vita a daya daga cikin tashoshi kuma ya gabatar da wannan bidiyon tare da sharhi game da mummunan makoma. na kisa whales.
Irina Novozhilova ta ci gaba da cewa "Yanzu batun yana da tsauri, har zuwa rufe kungiyar." “Mun riga mun sami barazanar, an yi wa akwatin imel ɗin mu kutse, kuma wasiƙun cikin gida sun zama jama’a. Dangane da bayanan da aka samu ba bisa ka'ida ba, an buga labarai sama da dozin "marasa mutunci". Dole ne a fahimci cewa ana kafa misali mai haɗari. Idan ƙwararrun masu shayarwa na ruwa sun yi shiru, kuma 'yan jarida ba su ma yi ƙoƙarin tantance halin da ake ciki ba, suna nazarin matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki ba kawai ba, har ma da kwarewar duniya a cikin wannan al'amari, wannan labarin zai ƙarfafa rashin bin doka da tashin hankali.
Abubuwan da aka kwatanta sun nuna cewa mu, masu rajin kare hakkin dabbobi na Rasha, mun shiga wannan mataki na yunkurin kare hakkin dabbobi lokacin da muka bayyana. Yunkurin mu yana yin tasiri ga masana'antar nishaɗin dabbobi. Kuma yanzu dole ne mu bi ta matakin kotuna.
Killer Whales suna hauka a cikin bauta
Daga cikin dukkan nau'ikan da mutum ke ƙoƙarin kiyayewa a cikin bauta, cetaceans ne ke jure shi mafi muni. Na farko, saboda kasancewar su dabbobi ne masu zaman kansu da kuma ci gaban ilimi, masu buqatar sadarwa ta yau da kullum da abinci ga hankali.
Na biyu, an dade da sanin cewa cetaceans suna amfani da echolocation don kewaya sararin samaniya da neman abinci. Don nazarin halin da ake ciki, dabbobi suna aika sigina waɗanda ke nunawa daga wani wuri mai ƙarfi. Idan waɗannan su ne bangon simintin da aka ƙarfafa na tafkin, to, zai zama kirtani na sauti marasa iyaka, tunani mara ma'ana.
- Shin kun san yadda dolphins ke amfani da lokacinsu a cikin dolphinarium bayan horo da wasan kwaikwayo? – Yana magana manajan aikin na Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dabbobi "Vita" Konstantin Sabinin. - Suna daskare tare da hancinsu a bango kuma ba sa yin sauti saboda suna cikin yanayin damuwa akai-akai. Yanzu ka yi tunanin menene tafawar masu sauraro ga dolphins da kifayen kifaye? Cetaceans da suka yi aiki a zaman bauta na shekaru da yawa sukan yi hauka ko kuma su zama kurame.
Na uku, fasahar samar da ruwan teku tana cutar da dabbobi. A al'adance, ana ƙara sodium hypochlorite a cikin ruwa na yau da kullun kuma ana amfani da na'urar lantarki. Lokacin da aka haɗe shi da ruwa, hypochlorite yana haifar da acid hypochlorous, idan aka haɗa shi da najasar dabba, yana haifar da mahadi na organochlorine mai guba, wanda ke haifar da maye gurbi. Suna ƙone mucous membrane na dabbobi, tsokane dysbacteriosis. Dolphins da killer whales sun fara magani tare da maganin rigakafi, suna ba da magunguna don farfado da microflora. Amma a sakamakon haka, hanta ta kasa cikin rashin tausayi. Ƙarshen ɗaya ne – sifili ƙasa da tsawon rai.
- cewa mace-mace na killer whales a cikin dolphinariums ya ninka sau biyu da rabi fiye da alamomin halitta, - membobin ƙungiyar yunƙurin nunawa a Rasha suna da'awar. fim din "Blackfish"*. Ba kasafai suke rayuwa ba har zuwa shekaru 30 (matsakaicin tsawon rayuwa a cikin daji shine shekaru 40-50 ga maza da shekaru 60-80 ga mata). Matsakaicin shekarun da aka sani na killer whale a cikin daji shine kusan shekaru 100.
Mafi munin abu shine cewa a cikin zaman talala kifayen kifayen suna nuna rashin jin daɗi ga ɗan adam. Fiye da shari'o'i 120 na mummunar dabi'a na killer whale a cikin bauta ga mutane, ciki har da lokuta 4 da suka mutu, da kuma hare-haren da dama da ba su kai ga mutuwar mutum ba. Idan aka kwatanta, a cikin daji ba a sami ko da guda na killer whale ya kashe mutum ba.
VDNKh ya ce yankin ruwa na wuraren tafkunan da dabbobi ke rayuwa ya fi mita 8 cubic, waɗannan wuraren tafki guda biyu ne tare da diamita na mita 000 da zurfin mita 25, girman ma'aunin kifayen kifi da kansu shine mita 8. kuma 4,5m.
"Amma ba su ba da shaidar wannan bayanin ba," in ji Irina Novozhilova. – A cikin bidiyon da aka aiko, kifayen kifayen suna iyo a cikin tankunan guda ɗaya kawai. Dangane da bayanan tacit, wanda ba za mu iya tabbatarwa ba, ana kiyaye sauran dabbobin ruwa a yankin VDNKh. Idan kuwa haka ne, to babu yadda za a yi kisa kifaye su kasance cikin kwantena biyu, domin su masu cin nama ne. Masana sun tabbatar da wannan gaskiyar, bayan da suka yi nazari kan adadin kamawa: an kama wadannan kifayen kifayen ne a wuraren da yawan namun daji ke rayuwa. Wato idan ka sanya wadannan kifayen kifaye da sauran dabbobi, kifin kifi za su cinye su kawai.
Masana Mormlek, bayan kallon bidiyon, sun yanke shawara mai ban tausayi cewa dabbobin suna jin dadi, ƙarfin su ya ragu. An saukar da fins - a cikin dabba mai lafiya sun tsaya tsaye. An canza launi na epidermis: maimakon launin ruwan dusar ƙanƙara, ya sami tint mai launin toka.
- wuraren shakatawa tare da dabbobin ruwa masana'antu ne akan jini. "Dabbobi suna mutuwa a lokacin kamawa, sufuri, a cikin tafkunan da kansu," in ji Irina Novozhilova. “Kowace ganga, mai tsatsa ko zinariya, har yanzu ganga ce. Ba shi yiwuwa a haifar da yanayi na al'ada don kisa kifaye, koda kuwa muna magana ne game da oceanarium a kan teku: ɗaurin kurkuku yana jefa dabbar cikin yanayin damuwa har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa.
60 rufaffiyar dolphinariums /
A yau, akwai kusan orcas 52 a cikin bauta a duniya. A lokaci guda, akwai bayyananniyar yanayin zuwa raguwar adadin tekunariums da dolphinariums. Wannan aikin ya zama mai kayar da kuɗi. Mafi girma a cikin tekunariums suna fama da asara, gami da saboda ƙararraki da yawa. Ƙididdiga na ƙarshe shine kamar haka: 60 dolphinariums da oceanariums a duniya an rufe su, kuma 14 daga cikinsu sun rage ayyukansu a matakin ginin.
Costa Rica majagaba ce ta wannan hanyar: ita ce ta farko a duniya da ta hana dolphinariums da na namun daji. A Ingila ko Holland, aquariums suna rufe shekaru da yawa don rage tsada. A Burtaniya, dabbobi suna rayuwa cikin nutsuwa: ba a jefar da su ba, ba a kashe su ba, amma ba a gina sabbin wuraren shakatawa ba, tunda an hana siyan dabbobin ruwa a nan. Aquariums da aka bari ba tare da dabbobi ba ana rufe su ko kuma an sake su don nuna kifaye da invertebrates.
A Kanada, yanzu haramun ne kamawa da yin amfani da belugas. A Brazil, amfani da dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin ruwa don nishaɗi ya sabawa doka. Isra'ila ta hana shigo da dolphins don yin nishaɗi. A Amurka, a jihar South Carolina, an haramta dolphinariums gaba daya; a sauran jihohin ma, irin wannan yanayin yana tasowa.
A cikin Nicaragua, Croatia, Chile, Bolivia, Hungary, Slovenia, Switzerland, Cyprus, an hana ci gaba da garkuwa da cetaceans. A Girka, an haramta wakilta tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa, kuma Indiyawa sun amince da dolphins a matsayin daidaikun mutane!
Dole ne a fahimce cewa, abin da kawai ke ba wa wannan masana'antar nishaɗi damar ci gaba da wanzuwa, shi ne sha'awar talakawan da ba su sani ba, ba su sani ba, amma ba sa tunani sosai game da jigilar mutuwa da wahala da ke tare da wannan masana'antar.
MATAKI ZUWA TASHIN HANKALI
Yadda za a yi amfani da site na Moscow Oceanarium?
"Muna ba da shawarar bude gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko a karkashin ruwa a Moscow," in ji su a Vita. - A cikin yini, ana iya yin horon nutsewa kyauta a nan, da wasan kwaikwayo na karkashin ruwa da maraice. Kuna iya shigar da allon plasma na 3D - masu sauraro za su yaba shi!
Koyon nutsewa zuwa zurfin zurfi ba tare da kayan motsa jiki a cikin daji ba lafiya. A cikin tafkin, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin malami, abu ne na daban. Babu wani tafki mai zurfi da zai isa masu nutsowa kyauta a duniya don horar da su yadda ya kamata. Bugu da ƙari, yanzu ya zama gaye, kuma masu mallakar oceanarium za su dawo da sauri duk farashin. Bayan mutane, babu buƙatar tsaftace manyan wuraren tafkunan najasa tare da bleach, kuma mutane ba sa buƙatar saya da isar da kifin 100 a kowace rana.
Shin akwai dama ga kifayen kifayen "Moscow" su rayu bayan zaman talala?
Daraktan wakilcin Rasha na Antarctic Alliance, masanin ilimin halitta Grigory Tsidulko:
- Ee, kifayen kifayen za su rayu tare da ingantaccen sufuri da gyarawa. Lallai daidai. Akwai kungiyoyi da masana da za su iya taimakawa dabbobi - ba tare da taimakon masu kare hakkin dabba ba, ba shakka.
Manajan aikin na Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dabbobi ta Vita Konstantin Sabinin:
Akwai irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka gabata. Bayan lokacin gyarawa a cikin yankin teku, ana iya sakin dabbobi cikin yanayin yanayi. Irin waɗannan cibiyoyin gyara sun wanzu, mun yi magana da ƙwararrun su yayin taron kan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa. Hakanan akwai ƙwararrun wannan bayanin martaba.
BABU Dokoki da suke Sarrafa KYAUTA DA KIYAYE DABBOBI
Shugaban kungiyar aiki akan killer whale, memba na Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin Ruwa, Ph.D. Olga Filatova:
"Narnia the killer whale da"cellmate dinta" sune kawai bakin kankara. An kama su a cikin Tekun Okhotsk a matsayin wani ɓangare na kasuwancin doka na kamawa da ciniki a cikin dabbobin ruwa. Adadin shekara-shekara don kama killer whales shine mutane 10. Yawancin dabbobin ana sayar da su ne ga kasar Sin, kodayake a hukumance ana gudanar da kama su ne don " horo da al'adu da ilimi ". Masu mallakar Dolphinarium a duk faɗin duniya - kuma Rasha ba togiya ba - suna ba da tabbacin ayyukansu tare da ƙimar al'adu da ilimi mara kyau, amma a zahiri su ne cibiyoyin kasuwanci na musamman, wanda shirin ya mai da hankali kan gamsar da abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba na jama'a.
Babu wanda ya san ainihin adadin kifayen kifayen da ke cikin Tekun Okhotsk. Ƙididdiga ta masana daban-daban sun bambanta daga mutane 300 zuwa 10000. Bugu da ƙari, akwai mutane biyu daban-daban na kifayen kifaye waɗanda ke cin ganima daban-daban kuma ba sa haɗuwa.
A cikin ruwan tsibirin Kuril da kuma tsakiyar tsakiyar Tekun Okhotsk, ana samun kifayen kifayen kifaye da yawa. A cikin yankunan bakin teku masu zurfi na yammacin, arewa da arewa maso gabashin Tekun Okhotsk, masu cin nama sun fi rinjaye (suna ciyar da hatimi da sauran dabbobin ruwa). Su ne aka kama don siyarwa, kuma kisa kifayen daga VDNKh na cikin wannan yawan. A cikin zaman talala, ana ciyar da su "kifi iri 12", ko da yake a cikin yanayi suna farautar hatimi.
Ta hanyar doka, al'ummomi daban-daban suna cikin "ajiya" daban-daban, kuma dole ne a ƙididdige adadin adadin su daban, amma a zahiri ba a yi hakan ba.
Kisan kifayen kifayen namun daji galibi ba su da yawa - bayan haka, suna saman dala na abinci. Irin wannan kama mai tsanani, kamar yanzu, na iya lalata yawan jama'a a cikin 'yan shekaru. Wannan zai zama mummunan labari ba kawai ga masu son kisa ba, har ma ga masunta na gida - bayan haka, kifayen kifaye masu cin nama ne waɗanda ke tsara adadin hatimi, wanda sau da yawa satar kifi daga raga.
Bugu da kari, a zahiri ba a kafa iko akan kamawa ba. Hatta ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru masu kama da hankali a hankali babban rauni ne na tunani ga waɗannan dabbobi masu hankali da na zamantakewa, waɗanda aka fizge su daga danginsu kuma aka sanya su cikin wani baƙo mai ban tsoro. A cikin mu, komai ya fi muni, babu masu sa ido masu zaman kansu a wurin kamawa, kuma idan wasu dabbobi sun mutu, an ɓoye su da gangan.
Bisa kididdigar da hukuma ta yi, babu wani kisa guda daya da ya mutu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kodayake mun san daga majiyoyin da ba na hukuma ba cewa hakan na faruwa akai-akai. Rashin kulawa yana ƙarfafa cin zarafi a matakai daban-daban. A cewar bayanin da SMM daga mazauna yankin, a watan Yulin bana, an kama wasu kifayen kifaye guda uku ba bisa ka'ida ba kafin a ba da izini a hukumance kuma an sayar da su ga kasar Sin bisa ga takardun 2013.
A Rasha, babu wata doka ko ƙa'ida da ke tafiyar da garkuwa da dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin ruwa.
HANYOYI 9 DA AKE YIWA
Ƙungiya ta masana ilimin halitta da ke shirya fina-finai na fim din "Blackfish" * (Black Fin) a kan muhawarar saki na Sochi Dolphinarium.
BF: Al'adar kallon whale a cikin daji yanzu yana karuwa. A cikin arewacin hemisphere da Turai, ana shirya balaguron jirgin ruwa inda zaku iya kallon dabbobi a cikin yanayin yanayi:
,
,
kuma a nan za ku iya yin iyo tare da su.
A Rasha, yana yiwuwa a duba kisa whale a Kamchatka, Kuril da Kwamandan Islands, a cikin Far East (misali,). Za ka iya zuwa Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky da kuma sauka a kan daya daga cikin da yawa yawon bude ido kwale-kwale a Avacha Bay (misali,).
Bugu da ƙari, takardun shaida na yanayi suna nuna dabbobi a cikin dukan ɗaukakarsu kuma suna ƙarfafa ku don yin tunani a kan kyawawan dabi'un da ke kewaye da ku. Menene yara ke koya ta hanyar kallon kyawawan dabbobi masu ƙarfi da ke ɓoye a cikin ƙaramin keji / tafkin da ke da yanayin da bai dace da su ba? Me za mu koya wa matasa masu tasowa ta hanyar nuna musu cewa ba daidai ba ne a keta ’yancin wani don jin daɗinmu?
D:
BF: Lallai, akwai nau'ikan ilimin halitta na cetacean waɗanda ke da wahala (amma ba zai yiwu ba) yin karatu a cikin daji. "Rayuwa da halaye" ba su shafi su ba, saboda "rayuwar" na kifayen kifaye a cikin bauta an sanya su kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ba za su iya zaɓar aikinsu, ayyukansu, ko ma wurinsu ba, sai abin da mutum ya dora musu. Saboda haka, irin waɗannan abubuwan lura suna ba da damar yin hukunci kawai yadda kifayen kifaye suka dace da yanayin da bai dace ba.
BF: Har ila yau, akwai bayanan mace-mace na kifayen kifayen kifaye da kifayen kifayen da aka haifa daga Tekun Duniya na Aquarium a cikin Amurka. A cikin duka, aƙalla 37 killer whales sun mutu a cikin wuraren shakatawa na SeaWorld guda uku (tare da wani ya mutu a Loro Parque, Tenerife). Daga cikin jarirai talatin da aka haifa a zaman talala, 10 sun mutu, kuma uwayen kifayen kifaye da yawa sun kasa jure wa matsalolin lokacin haihuwa. Akalla mutane 30 da masu haihuwa an yi rajista.
Jimillar kifayen kifayen 1964 sun mutu a zaman talala tun 139. Wannan baya kirga wadanda suka mutu a lokacin kama daga daji. Idan aka kwatanta, wannan kusan ninki biyu ne na yawan jama'ar Kudancin Mazauna Kudu, wanda a yanzu ke cikin mawuyacin hali saboda kamawar da aka yi a British Columbia a cikin 1960s da 70s.
BF: Ya zuwa yanzu, akwai bincike da yawa kan yawan kisa daban-daban. Wasu daga cikinsu sun wuce shekaru 20 (har ma fiye da 40) shekaru.
Ba a bayyana inda adadi 180 na Antarctica ya fito ba. Ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan na DUKAN Killer Whales tsakanin mutane 000 zuwa 25 (Branch, TA An, F. da GG Joyce, 000).
Amma aƙalla nau'ikan halittu masu kisa guda uku suna rayuwa a can, kuma ga wasu daga cikinsu an tabbatar da matsayin nau'in a zahiri. Saboda haka, ya kamata a yi kiyasin yawa da rarrabawa ga kowane ecotype daban.
A Rasha, akwai kuma nau'ikan halittu guda biyu na killer whales waɗanda ke keɓe da juna ta hanyar haihuwa, watau ba sa haɗuwa ko haɗuwa da juna, kuma suna wakiltar akalla mutane biyu daban-daban. An tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar dogon lokaci (tun 1999) bincike a Gabas Mai Nisa (Filatova et al. 2014, Ivkovich et al. 2010, Burdinetal. 2006, Filatova et al. 2007, Filatova et al. 2009, Filatova et al. 2010 , Ivkovichetal. Filatova et al. 2010 da sauransu). Kasancewar keɓancewar jama'a guda biyu yana buƙatar tsarin mutum ɗaya don kimanta duka yawa da girman haɗari ga kowane yawan jama'a.
Dangane da batun Rasha, ba a gudanar da wani kima na musamman na lambobin kisa ba a cikin yankin kama (Tekun Okhotsk). Akwai tsofaffin bayanai da aka tattara a hanya lokacin lura da wasu nau'ikan. Bugu da kari, ba a san ainihin adadin dabbobin da aka cire daga cikin jama'a yayin kama (masu tsira + matattu) ba. Amma a lokaci guda, ana keɓe ƙididdiga a kowace shekara don kama kifi kisa 10. Don haka, ba tare da sanin yawan jama’a ba, ba tare da la’akari da rarrabuwar kawuna biyu ba, ba tare da samun bayanai kan adadin mutanen da aka kama ba, ba za mu iya ta kowace fuska tantance haɗarin jama’a da tabbatar da tsaronta ba.
A gefe guda, al'ummar duniya suna da abin bakin ciki lokacin da aka cire mutane 53 (ciki har da matattu) daga yawan mutanen Kudancin Mazaunan Killer Whales (British Columbia) a cikin 'yan shekaru, wanda ya haifar da raguwar lambobi da sauri. yanzu wannan al'umma na gab da bacewa.
D: Ƙirƙirar cibiyarmu a Rasha, inda za a iya lura da kisa kifi a cikin mafi kyawun yanayi don kiyaye su, zai ba da damar masana kimiyya na Rasha su kai sabon matakin ilimi game da su. Kwararru na cibiyar VNIRO *** suna haɗin gwiwa tare da kwararru na cibiyar Sochi Dolphinarium LLC a cikin al'amuran kimiyya na kisa whales, sun sha ziyartar hadaddun, wanda ya ƙunshi dabbobi masu shayarwa.
BF: Kwararrun VNIRO ba sa nazarin kisa kifaye. Da fatan za a kawo labaran kimiyya waɗanda za su gabatar da sakamakon waɗannan binciken. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, yanayin tsare ba su da kyau. Misali shine lissafin cewa killer whale a cikin ruwan teku na SeaWorld yana buƙatar yin iyo a kewayen tafkin aƙalla sau 1400 a rana don aƙalla kusan tazarar da kifin kifayen daji ke tafiya a rana ɗaya.
D: Killer Whales suna karkashin kulawar ma'aikatar kula da dabbobi ta jiha, da kuma kwararrun likitocin dabbobi guda bakwai. Sau ɗaya a wata, ana yin cikakken gwajin likita na dabbobi (ciki har da gwajin jini na asibiti da na biochemical, al'adun microbiological da swabs daga mucous membranes na sama na numfashi). Baya ga tsarin kula da ingancin ruwa mai sarrafa kansa, kwararrun cibiyar suna yin auna ingancin ruwan da ke cikin tafkin kowane sa'o'i uku. Bugu da ƙari, ana kula da nazarin ruwa kowane wata don alamun 63 a cikin wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman a Moscow. Tafkunan suna sanye da kayan aiki na musamman: kowane sa'o'i uku ruwan ya wuce gaba ɗaya ta cikin matatun tsaftacewa. Ana kiyaye matakin salinity da zazzabi na ruwa daidai da wuraren zama na killer whale kwatankwacin yanayin yanayi.
BF: Zai zama mai girma don ganin takamaiman sigogin ingancin ruwa waɗanda aka yarda da su a nan a matsayin "kwatankwacin yanayin yanayi". An san ilimin kimiyyar ruwa yana shafar lafiyar killer whales, kuma ana amfani da sinadarin chlorine mai yawa don kula da ruwan shudi mai haske a tafkin, wanda ke da jan hankali ga jama'a.
D: Killer whale daya yana cin kifin kimani kilo 100 a rana, abincinsa ya bambanta sosai, ya kunshi kifi masu inganci iri 12, wadanda suka hada da salmon pink, chum salmon, coho salmon da sauran su.
BF: Kisan kifayen da aka kama a Rasha suna cikin nau'in halitta mai cin nama wanda a cikin yanayin yanayi ke ciyar da dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa (hatimin fur, zakuna, hatimi, otters na teku, da sauransu). Killer Whales, waɗanda yanzu suke VDNKh, ba su taɓa cin salmon ruwan hoda, chum salmon, salmon coho, da sauransu.
Killer Whales masu kisa ba su da yawa kuma sun bambanta da sauran nau'in kifayen kifaye a duniya cewa masana kimiyya sun gamsu cewa ya kamata a gano su a matsayin jinsin daban (Morin et al. 2010, Biggetal 1987, Riechetal. 2012, Parsonsetal. 2013 da sauransu). An nuna cewa killer whales da ba sa cin kifi suna zaune a wurin kama (Filatova et al. 2014).
Saboda haka, cin mataccen kifi baya biyan buƙatun ilimin halittar jiki na kifayen kifaye, waɗanda a yanayi suke cin abinci mai ɗumi mai yawan kalori.
Tun da yake ba a san girman wannan adadin ba, a bayyane yake cewa ana ba da izini na tarko ba bisa bayanan kimiyya ba, amma a kan buƙatun kasuwanci kawai.
Kama killer whales a cikin ruwan Rasha, wanda wadannan kifayen ke cikinsa, ba a tabbatar da su a kimiyyance ba, ba a karkashin wani iko da rahoto (wanda ba ya ba da fahimtar fasahar tarko da mace-macen kisa a lokacin kamawa) kuma ana aiwatar da shi. tare da juggling takardu (.
Jawabin da aka shirya:
- E. Ovsyanikova, masanin ilimin halitta, ƙwararre a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa, ɗalibin digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Canterbury (New Zealand), yana shiga cikin aikin don nazarin kisa na Antarctic.
- T. Ivkovich, masanin ilimin halitta, dalibin digiri na biyu na Jami'ar Jihar St. Petersburg. Yin aiki tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa tun 2002. Yana shiga cikin aikin bincike na FEROP killer whale.
- E. Jikia, masanin ilimin halitta, Ph.D., mai bincike a dakin gwaje-gwaje na kwayoyin halitta na Cibiyar Radiology ta Jihar Tarayya. Ta kasance tana aiki tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa tun 1999. Ta shiga cikin aikin bincike na FEROP killer Whale, a cikin nazarin launin toka whales a cikin Tekun Okhotsk da kuma kisa kisa a tsibirin Kwamandan.
- O. Belonovich, masanin ilimin halitta, Ph.D., mai bincike a KamchatNIRO. Yin aiki tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa tun 2002. Ya shiga cikin ayyukan nazarin beluga whales a cikin White Sea, zakoki na teku a arewa maso yammacin Tekun Pacific, da kuma nazarin hulɗar tsakanin kisa kifi da kifi.
* "* ("Black Fin") - labarin wani namiji mai kisa mai suna Tilikum, wani kifayen kifin da ya kashe mutane da dama a daidai lokacin da aka yi garkuwa da shi. A cikin 2010, yayin wasan kwaikwayo a wurin shakatawa na ruwa a Orlando, Tilikum ya ja mai horarwa Don Brasho a karkashin ruwa ya nutsar da ita. Kamar yadda ya tabbata, wannan hatsari (haka ne taron ya cancanta) ba a cikin Tilikum kadai ba. Akwai wani wanda aka azabtar a kan asusun wannan kisa kifi. Mahaliccin Black Fin Gabriela Cowperthwaite yana amfani da faifan bidiyo mai ban tsoro na harin kisa da kuma yin hira da shaidu don ƙoƙarin fahimtar ainihin musabbabin bala'in.
Nuna fim ɗin ya haifar da zanga-zanga a Amurka da kuma rufe wuraren shakatawa na ruwa (bayanin marubuci).
** VNIRO ita ce babbar cibiyar masana'antar kamun kifi, tana daidaita aiwatar da tsare-tsare da shirye-shirye don bincike da haɓaka kamun kifi da kuma tabbatar da ingancin duk ƙungiyoyin bincike na kifin a cikin Tarayyar Rasha.
Rubutu: Svetlana ZOTOVA.