Contents
Menene meningitis na kwayan cuta?
Cutar sankarau cuta ce mai kumburi da kamuwa da cutar sankarau, siraran membranes da ke kewaye da kwakwalwa da kashin baya (tsarin juyayi na tsakiya). Kwayar cutar na iya haifar da ƙwayar cuta (virus meningitis), bakteriya (kwayoyin cutar sankarau), ko ma naman gwari ko parasite.
Game da cutar sankarau, iyalai daban-daban da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya shiga ciki. A kowane hali, magani yana dogara ne akan takardar sayan maganin rigakafi, yawanci ta cikin jini.
Pneumococcal meningitis
Pneumococcus, sunan Latin Streptococcus pneumoniae, iyali ne na kwayoyin cuta masu iya haifar da cututtuka da yawa fiye ko ƙasa da haka, daga sinusitis zuwa ciwon huhu, ciki har da meningitis ko otitis.
Pneumococcus kwayoyin cuta ne wanda zai iya kasancewa a dabi'a a cikin nasopharyngeal sphere (hanci, pharynx da yiwuwar baki) na "masu dauke da lafiya" ba tare da haifar da bayyanar cututtuka ba. Duk da haka, idan an watsa shi ga mutumin da ba shi da shi da / ko wanda garkuwar rigakafi ba ta isa ba, zai iya haifar da otitis, sinusitis, ko ma ciwon huhu ko sankarau. Streptococcus pneumoniae yana shiga cikin jini kuma ya kai ga meninges.
Yawan mace-mace daga cutar sankarau na pneumococcal ya fi girma a cikin tsofaffi da kuma a cikin yara ƙanana da jarirai. Duk da haka, irin wannan nau'in ciwon sankarau baya haifar da annoba kamar yadda ake iya gani a yanayin cutar sankarau na kwayan cuta.
Neisseria Meningitidis : al'amarin meningococcal meningitis
Kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, kwayoyin cuta Neisseria meningitidis, daga dangin meningococcal, galibi yana haifar da cutar sankarau. Akwai nau'o'i 13, ko ƙungiyoyin serogroup na wannan dangin kwayan cuta. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ciwon sankarau irin B da nau'in C, wanda ya fi yawa a Turai, da kuma nau'in A, W, X da Y.
A cikin Faransa a cikin 2018, bisa ga bayanai daga Cibiyar Magana ta Ƙasa don Meningococci da Haemophilus mura daga Cibiyar Pasteur, daga cikin shari'o'i 416 na meningococcal meningitis, wanda aka sani da serogroup. 51% sune rukunin B, 13% sune C.
Lura cewa kwayoyin Neisseria meningitidis a dabi'a yana samuwa a cikin ENT sphere (makogwaro, hanci) daga 1 zuwa 10% na yawan jama'a (a waje da lokacin annoba), a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO). Amma yana faruwa cewa wannan kwayar cutar ta mamaye tsarin rigakafi kuma tana haifar da cutar sankarau. musamman a jarirai, yara ƙanana, matasa ko matasa, da marasa lafiya na rigakafi.
Listeria, Haemophilus mura et Escherichia coli, da sauran kwayoyin cuta
Sanannen mata masu ciki, da Listeria wakili ne mai kamuwa da cuta wanda ke haifar da listeriosis a cikin batutuwa masu rauni, amma kuma yana iya haifar da cutar sankarau. Don haka mahimmancin bi shawarwarin abinci da tsafta yayin daukar ciki da farkon kuruciya, da sauransu a cikin guje wa cuku da kayan kiwo da aka yi daga ɗanyen madara, danye, kyafaffen ko naman da ba a dafa ba, da sauransu. Listeria monocytogenes ana daukar su ta hanyar narkewar abinci lokacin da gurbataccen kayan kiwo ko nama mai sanyi ke cinyewa.
Akwai sauran nau'ikan cutar sankarau na kwayan cuta, musamman ma alaka da kwayoyin cuta Haemophilus mura (Hib), wanda har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a Faransa 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Alurar riga kafiHaemophilus mura, da farko an shawarce shi sannan kuma ya zama dole, ya rage yawan kamuwa da wannan nau'in ciwon sankarau da ciwon huhu da wannan kwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa.
Akwai kuma ciwon sankarau da ke da alaƙa da su kwayar cuta Escherichia coli, wanda zai iya zama abinci, yayin haihuwa ta farji, saboda cudanya da al'aurar uwa. Jarirai da ba su kai ga haihuwa ba sun fi fuskantar haɗari.
Wakilin cutar tarin fuka kuma na iya haifar da cutar sankarau a cikin mutanen da ba su da rigakafi.
Yaduwa: ta yaya ake kamuwa da cutar sankarau?
Cutar sankarau na kwayan cuta, ko ta dalilin pneumococcus ko meningococcus, yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kusanci, kai tsaye ko kaikaice da kuma tsawon lokaci tare da juna. nasopharyngeal secretions, a wasu kalmomi ta hanyar ɗigon ruwa, tari, gurɓataccen ruwa. Amfani da gurbatattun abubuwa (kayan wasa, kayan yanka) suma suna iya watsa ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ko dai za a keɓe su a cikin sashin ENT ko kuma su kai ga meninges, musamman ma marasa lafiya, jarirai da yara ƙanana.
Lura cewa pneumococcal meningitis kuma na iya faruwa bayan ciwon kai, wanda zai haifar da keta a cikin meninges. Wannan shi ake kira post-traumatic meningitis. Pneumococcal meningitis kuma na iya faruwa bayan kamuwa da cuta ta ENT (otitis, sanyi, bronchiolitis, mura…).
Alamomin cutar sankarau
Kwayar cutar sankarau ta ƙunshi manyan alamomi guda biyu, wato:
- un ciwo mai cututtuka, haɗuwa tare da alamun kamuwa da cuta kamar zazzabi mai zafi, matsanancin ciwon kai, amai (musamman a cikin jiragen sama);
- da kuma meningeal ciwo, Alamar kumburi na meninges, wanda ke haifar da wuyan wuyansa, rudani, damuwa na sani, rashin jin dadi, jin dadi ga haske (photophobia), har ma da ciwon kai ko kamawa.
Alamun da ke da wuya a iya gano su a wasu lokuta a cikin jariri
Lura cewa a cikin yara ƙanana, musamman jarirai, alamun cutar sankarau na iya zama marasa takamaiman kuma suna da wahala a hange su.
Wasu halarta pallor ko launin toka, kamewa ko tsokanar tsoka. Yaro na iya ki ci, zama a cikin hali na nutsuwa sabon abu, ko mai saurin yin kuka, ko kuma a firgita musamman. a kumbura na fontanel daga saman kwanyar kuma ana iya lura da hauhawar jini don taɓawa, kodayake wannan ba tsari bane.
A kowane hali, zazzaɓin zazzaɓi kwatsam ya kamata ya haifar da shawarwarin gaggawa.
Le purpura fulminans, gaggawa mai mahimmanci
Kasancewar tabo mai ja ko ja, wanda ake kira purpura fulminans, Gabas wani ma'auni na matsananciyar nauyi meningitis na kwayan cuta. Bayyanar irin wannan tabo a kan fata ya kamata ya haifar da kulawa da gaggawa, tare da ra'ayin zuwa asibiti nan da nan. Idan purpura ya bayyana kuma yana hade da alamun cutar sankarau, ana fara gudanar da maganin rigakafi da wuri-wuri. Farkon purpura saboda sankarau shine a cikakken gaggawa, saboda a barazanar bugun jini, wanda ke barazana ga rayuwa (muna yawan magana akan ciwon sankarau na walƙiya).
Da yake alamomin asibiti sun kusa kusanci tsakanin sankarau saboda ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta, haka ne Binciken ruwa na cerebrospinal, cire daga kashin baya a lokacin a kashin lumbar, wanda zai sa a iya sanin ko ciwon sankarau ya fito ne daga kwayoyin cuta ko a'a. Idan bayyanar ruwan da aka ɗauka na iya riga ya ba da ra'ayi game da nau'in cutar sankarau da ake tambaya (maimakon purulent a gaban ƙwayoyin cuta), cikakken bincike na samfurin zai ba da damar sanin ko wace ƙwayar cuta ce ta haifar da haka. don daidaita maganin rigakafi daidai.
Kwayoyin cutar sankarau: kariya na buƙatar maganin
Rigakafin cutar sankarau na kwayan cuta ya dogara ne akan aikace-aikacen shawarwarin jadawalin rigakafin. Hasali ma, allurar rigakafi tana ba da kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban waɗanda ke haifar da cutar sankarau, musamman Streptococcus ciwon huhu, wasu rukunin serogroup na ƙwayoyin cuta Neisseria meningitis, et Haemophilus mura.
Alurar rigakafin meningococcal
Alurar rigakafin meningococcal serogroup C shine wajibi a cikin jariran da aka haifa daga Janairu 1, 2018, kuma an ba da shawarar ga yaran da aka haifa kafin wannan kwanan wata bisa ga makirci mai zuwa:
- ga jarirai, maganin alurar riga kafi a wata 5, biye da kashi na ƙarfafawa a cikin watanni 12 (tare da irin wannan maganin alurar riga kafi idan zai yiwu), sanin cewa za a iya amfani da kashi na watanni 12 tare da maganin MMR (kyanda-mumps-rubella);
- Tun daga watanni 12 zuwa shekaru 24, ga waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar farko na baya ba, shirin ya ƙunshi kashi ɗaya.
Alurar riga kafi na Meningococcal nau'in B, wanda ake kira Bexsero, wanda aka ba da shawarar kuma an biya shi kawai a wasu takamaiman yanayi, musamman a cikin mutane masu rauni a cikin haɗari ko kuma a cikin yanayin annoba. ;
Alurar rigakafin meningococcal conjugate tetravalent daga serogroups A, C, Y, W135, kuma an ba da shawarar a cikin takamaiman yanayi.
Alurar riga kafi daga cututtukan pneumococcal
Alurar riga kafi daga cututtukan pneumococcal shine wajibi ga jariran da aka haifa daga Janairu 1, 2018, bisa ga makirci mai zuwa:
- allura biyu tsakanin wata biyu (watanni biyu da hudu);
- mai ƙarfafawa a cikin shekaru 11 watanni.
Bayan shekaru 2, ana ba da shawarar yin rigakafi ga yara da manya waɗanda ke cikin haɗari tare da rigakafin rigakafi ko cuta na yau da kullun da ke haifar da kamuwa da cutar pneumococcal (musamman ciwon sukari). Sannan ya hada da allurai biyu da aka raba tsakanin watanni 2, sai kuma mai kara kuzari bayan wata bakwai.
Haemophilus influenzae nau'in B
Alurar rigakafin kwayoyin cuta Haemophilus influenzae irin B is wajibi ga jariran da aka haifa a ko bayan Janairu 1, 2018, kuma an ba da shawarar ga yaran da aka haifa kafin wannan kwanan wata, tare da diphtheria, tetanus da polio (DTP):
- allura a wata biyu sannan a wata hudu;
- a tuna a watanni 11.
Un maganin alurar riga kafi za a iya yi har zuwa shekaru 5. Sannan ya hada da allurai biyu da abin ƙarfafawa idan yaron yana tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 12, da kuma kashi ɗaya bayan watanni 12 har zuwa shekaru 5.
Ya kamata a lura cewa wadannan alluran rigakafin sun ba da damar rage yawan kamuwa da cutar sankarau a cikin jarirai da yara kanana, da kuma mace-macen da ke da nasaba da wadannan munanan cututtuka.
Alurar riga kafi ba kawai yana ba da damar kariya ga mutum ba, yana iyakance yaduwar waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta don haka kare wadanda ba za su iya samun maganin ba, musamman jarirai da marasa lafiya na rigakafi.
kafofin:
- https://www.pasteur.fr/fr/centre-medical/fiches-maladies/meningites-meningocoques
- https://www.ameli.fr/assure/sante/themes/meningite-aigue/definition-causes-facteurs-favorisants
- https://www.associationpetitange.com/meningites-bacteriennes.html
- https://www.meningitis.ca/fr/Overview
- https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/vpd/WHO_SurveillanceVaccinePreventable_17_Pneumococcus_French_R1.pdf