Amnesia an bayyana shi azaman wahala wajen ƙirƙirar abubuwan tunawa ko maido da bayanai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Sau da yawa pathological, shi ma yana iya zama mara lafiya, kamar yadda a cikin al'amarin na jarirai amnesia. A zahiri, alama ce fiye da cuta, galibi tana da alaƙa a cikin al'ummominmu na tsufa zuwa cututtukan cututtukan neurodegenerative kamar cutar Alzheimer, kuma tana iya samun wasu dalilai da yawa. Amnesia na iya alal misali kuma ta kasance na asali na psychogenic ko mai rauni. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a iya jiyya shine gyaran ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda za'a iya ba da shi har ma ga tsofaffin batutuwa, musamman ma a cibiyoyin gyarawa.

Ma'anar amnesia

Amnesia kalma ce ta gama gari, wacce ke nufin wahala wajen ƙirƙirar abubuwan tunawa, ko maido da bayanai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Yana iya zama pathological, ko ba pathological: wannan shi ne yanayin da jariri amnesia. Tabbas, yana da matukar wahala ga mutane su dawo da abubuwan tunawa tun lokacin ƙuruciyarsu, amma wannan ba saboda wani tsari na pathological ba.

Amnesia alama ce fiye da cuta a cikin kanta: wannan alamar rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na iya zama alamar cututtukan neurodegenerative, wanda mafi yawan alamarsa shine cutar Alzheimer. Bugu da ƙari, rashin lafiyar amnesic wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda rashin lafiyar ƙwaƙwalwa yana da mahimmanci.

Akwai nau'ikan amnesia da yawa:

• wani nau'i na amnesia wanda marasa lafiya suka manta da wani ɓangare na abubuwan da suka gabata, wanda ake kira amnesia na ainihi, kuma ƙarfinsa yana canzawa: majiyyaci na iya tafiya har ya manta da ainihin kansa.
• anterograde amnesia, wanda ke nufin cewa marasa lafiya suna da wahalar samun sabbin bayanai.
• retrograde amnesia yana siffata ta hanyar manta abubuwan da suka gabata.

A yawancin nau'ikan amnesia, bangarorin biyu, anterograde da retrograde, suna nan, amma wannan ba koyaushe bane. Bugu da kari, akwai kuma gradients. "Marasa lafiya duk sun bambanta da juna, bayanin Farfesa Francis Eustache, farfesa ƙware a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kuma wannan yana buƙatar ƙayyadaddun balaguron balaguron balaguro don samun cikakkiyar fahimtar matsalolin da ke tattare da hakan.«

Dalilan amnesia

A gaskiya ma, amnesia yana haifar da yanayi da yawa wanda majiyyaci yana da lahani. Mafi yawanci sune kamar haka:

• cututtuka na neurodegenerative, wanda aka fi sani da su shine cutar Alzheimer, wanda shine dalilin da ya haifar da amnesia a cikin al'ummomin yau da ke tasowa zuwa ga tsufa na yawan jama'a;
• rauni na kai;
• Korsakoff ciwo (cututtukan jijiyoyin jini na asalin multifactorial, wanda ke nuna musamman ta rashin fahimta);
• ciwon kwakwalwa;
• abubuwan da ke faruwa na bugun jini: a nan, wurin da aka samu rauni a cikin kwakwalwa zai taka muhimmiyar rawa;
• Amnesia kuma ana iya haɗa shi da anoxia na cerebral, bayan kamawar zuciya misali, don haka rashin iskar oxygen a cikin kwakwalwa;
• Amnesias kuma na iya kasancewa na asali na psychogenic: sannan za'a danganta su da cututtukan tunani na aiki, kamar girgiza motsin rai ko raunin tunani.

Ganewar amnesia

Sakamakon ganewar asali ya dogara da yanayin asibiti na gaba ɗaya.

• Ga ciwon kai, bayan coma, za a iya gane ilimin etiology na amnesia cikin sauƙi.
• A yawancin lokuta, likitan neuropsychologist zai iya taimakawa tare da ganewar asali. Yawancin lokaci, ana yin gwajin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta hanyar tambayoyin tambayoyi, waɗanda ke gwada ingancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Tattaunawa da majiyyaci da na kusa da shi na iya taimakawa wajen gano cutar. Fiye da fa'ida, ana iya tantance ayyukan fahimi na harshe, da na fagen fahimi. 
• Likitan jijiya na iya yin gwajin jijiya, ta wurin asibiti, domin a duba hargitsin motsin majiyyaci, da dagula masa hankali, da kuma kafa gwajin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin mahallin da ya fi girma. MRI na jiki zai ba da damar gani na kowane raunuka. Alal misali, MRI zai sa ya yiwu, bayan bugun jini, don ganin ko akwai raunuka, da kuma inda suke a cikin kwakwalwa. Lalacewa ga hippocampus, wanda ke gefen ciki na lobe na wucin gadi na kwakwalwa, kuma na iya haifar da tawayar ƙwaƙwalwa.

Mutanen da abin ya shafa

Dangane da ilimin etiology, mutanen da ke fama da amnesia ba za su kasance iri ɗaya ba.

• Mafi yawan mutanen da ke fama da amnesia da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar neurodegenerative sune tsofaffi.
• Amma ciwon kai zai fi shafar matasa, bin babur ko hadurran mota, ko faɗuwa.
• Hatsari na cerebrovascular, ko shanyewar jiki, na iya shafar matasa, amma galibi suna shafar mutanen da suka kai shekaru.

Babban abin haɗari shine shekaru: tsofaffin mutum, mafi kusantar su haifar da matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

Alamun nau'ikan amnesia daban-daban na iya ɗaukar nau'i daban-daban, dangane da nau'ikan cututtukan da ke tattare da su, da marasa lafiya. Anan sune mafi yawansu.

Anterograde amnesia

Wannan nau'in amnesia yana da alaƙa da wahala wajen samun sabbin bayanai: don haka alamar ta bayyana a nan ta hanyar matsala wajen riƙe bayanan kwanan nan.

Retrograde amnesia

Sau da yawa ana ganin gradient na ɗan lokaci a cikin wannan nau'i na amnesia: wato, a gaba ɗaya, marasa lafiya da ke fama da amnesia za su gwammace su tantance abubuwan da suka fi nisa, kuma akasin haka da kyau su haddace abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan. .

Alamomin da ke bayyana a cikin amnesia za su dogara sosai a kan ilimin ilimin ilimin su, sabili da haka ba za a bi da su duka ba.

A halin yanzu, jiyya na miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin cutar Alzheimer ya dogara ne akan matakin tsanani na pathology. Magungunan sun fi dacewa don jinkiri, kuma ana sha a farkon juyin halitta. Lokacin da muhimmancin ilimin cututtuka ya tsananta, gudanarwa zai zama mafi zamantakewa-psychological, a cikin tsarin da ya dace da waɗannan mutanen da ke fama da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.

Bugu da ƙari, nau'in kulawa na neuropsychological zai yi nufin yin amfani da damar da aka adana a cikin cutar. Za a iya ba da darussan da aka zayyana, a cikin sifofin da suka dace, kamar cibiyoyin gyarawa. Sake ilmantar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya muhimmin batu ne a cikin kula da amnesia, ko rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, a kowane zamani da kowane dalili.

Akwai abubuwan ajiyewa, waɗanda zasu taimaka kare mutum daga haɗarin haɓaka cututtukan neurodegenerative. Daga cikin su: abubuwan da suka shafi tsaftar rayuwa. Don haka wajibi ne a kiyaye cututtuka irin su ciwon sukari ko hauhawar jini, wanda ke yin hulɗa da karfi tare da sassan neurodegenerative. Kyakkyawan salon rayuwa, duka na abinci mai gina jiki da ta hanyar motsa jiki na yau da kullun, zai taimaka adana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

A kan ƙarin fahimi, an kafa ra'ayi na ajiyar hankali: yana da karfi akan hulɗar zamantakewa da matakin ilimi. Yana da game da kiyaye ayyukan tunani, shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi, tafiya. "Duk wadannan ayyuka da suke zaburar da mutum abubuwa ne masu kariya, karatu ma daya ne daga cikinsu.", Ya jaddada Francis Eustache.

Farfesan ya bayyana haka, a cikin daya daga cikin ayyukansa cewa "idan marasa lafiya guda biyu sun gabatar da matakan raunuka iri ɗaya suna rage karfin kwakwalwarsu, mai haƙuri 1 zai gabatar da rashin lafiya yayin da majiyyaci 2 ba za a yi la'akari da hankali ba, saboda ajiyar kwakwalwar sa yana ba shi mafi girma, kafin ya kai ga matsayi mai mahimmanci na gazawar aiki.“. A gaskiya ma, an bayyana ajiyar "dangane da yawan lalacewar kwakwalwa da za a iya jurewa kafin a kai ga matakin bayyanar asibiti na kasawa.".

• A cikin wannan abin da ake kira ƙirar ƙima, wannan tsarin ajiyar kwakwalwa don haka ya dogara da abubuwa kamar adadin ƙwayoyin jijiya da haɗin gwiwa da ke akwai.
• Abin da ake kira samfurin ajiyar aiki yana yin la'akari da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin daidaikun mutane a yadda suke gudanar da ayyuka, gami da rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun.
• Bugu da kari, akwai kuma hanyoyin biyan diyya, wadanda za su ba da damar daukar wasu hanyoyin sadarwa na kwakwalwa, ban da wadanda aka saba amfani da su, domin a biya diyya ga lalacewar kwakwalwa.

Rigakafi ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba: kalmar rigakafin tana nufin ƙari, ga marubucin Amurka Peter J. Whitehouse, likitan likitanci da ilimin halin dan Adam, "jinkirta fara raguwar fahimi, ko rage ci gabansa, maimakon kawar da shi gaba daya“. Babban batu na yau, tun bayan rahoton shekara-shekara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yawan al'ummar duniya ya nuna a cikin 2005 cewa "An ce adadin mutanen da suka haura shekaru 60 zuwa sama ya ninka kusan sau uku a shekarar 2050, wanda ya kai kusan mutane biliyan 1,9.". 

Peter J. Whitehouse ya ba da shawara, tare da abokin aikinsa Daniel George, shirin rigakafi, tare da manufar hana tsufa na kwakwalwa a tushen cututtuka na neurodegenerative, bisa:

• akan abinci: rage cin abinci mai yawa da kitse da abinci da aka sarrafa, ƙarin kifi da kitse masu lafiya kamar omega 3s, ƙarancin gishiri, rage yawan adadin kuzari na yau da kullun, kuma ku more barasa cikin matsakaici; 
• akan wadataccen abinci na yara ƙanana, don kare kwakwalwarsu tun suna ƙanana;
• motsa jiki na minti 15 zuwa 30 a rana, sau uku a mako, zabar ayyukan da ke da dadi ga mutum; 
• kan nisantar abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli ga abubuwan da ba su da guba kamar cin kifi mai guba, da cire gubar da sauran abubuwa masu guba daga gida;
• akan rage damuwa, ta hanyar motsa jiki, shakatawa da abubuwan jin daɗi, da kewaye da kanku da mutane masu kwantar da hankali;
• kan mahimmancin gina ajiyar tunani: shiga cikin ayyuka masu ƙarfafawa, yin duk nazarin da horo, koyan sababbin ƙwarewa, ba da damar rarraba albarkatu cikin adalci a makarantu;
• a kan sha’awar kasancewa cikin tsari har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwar mutum: ta hanyar rashin jinkirin neman taimakon likitoci ko wasu ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya, ta zaɓin aiki mai ƙarfafawa, koyan sabon yare ko ta hanyar kiɗan kiɗa, wasan allo ko wasannin kati. a cikin rukuni, shiga cikin tattaunawa mai motsa hankali, noma lambu, karanta littattafai masu motsa hankali, daukar darasi na manya, aikin sa kai , kiyaye kyakkyawar ra'ayi game da wanzuwar, kare abin da ya gaskata;
• Dangane da batun kare kai daga kamuwa da cututtuka: nisantar kamuwa da cututtuka tun yana yara da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen kiwon lafiya ga kai da danginsa, ba da gudummawa ga yaki da cututtuka masu yaduwa a duniya, daukar dabi'u don yaki da dumamar yanayi.

Kuma Peter J. Whitehouse don tunawa:

• sassaucin sauƙi na alamun alamun da aka bayar ta hanyar jiyya na yanzu a cikin cutar Alzheimer;
• sakamako mai ban tsoro na tsari da aka bayar ta hanyar gwaji na asibiti na baya-bayan nan akan sabbin shawarwarin jiyya;
• rashin tabbas game da yuwuwar cancantar jiyya na gaba kamar su ƙwayoyin cuta ko rigakafin beta-amyloid.

Waɗannan likitocin biyu da masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam suna ba gwamnatoci shawarar “jin kwarin gwiwa don fara aiwatar da wata manufa mara kyau, wacce za ta yi niyyar inganta lafiyar jama'a baki daya, a tsawon rayuwar mutane, maimakon mayar da martani ga raguwar fahimi bayan gaskiya.".

Kuma a karshe Peter Whitehouse ya nakalto Arne Naess, tsohon farfesa a Jami'ar Oslo inda ya kirkiro kalmar "zurfin ilimin halittu", yana bayyana ra'ayin cewa "’yan Adam suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud da ruhi da ƙasa":"Yi tunani kamar dutse!", Dutsen wanda ɓangarorin da suka lalace suna sadar da jinkirin gyare-gyare, kamar yadda yanayin tsarin tsufa, wanda kololuwar su da kololuwar su ke motsa tunanin mutum…