Lobotomy, maganin fiɗa don cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa, an yi amfani da shi sosai bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Yanzu an yi watsi da shi gaba daya a yawancin kasashen duniya, ciki har da Faransa. 

Lobotomy tiyata ne na kwakwalwa wanda ke lalata yanki na gaba na kwakwalwa. Haɗin (fiyoyin jijiya) tsakanin prefrontal cortex da sauran kwakwalwa sun katse.

Wani likitan kwakwalwa dan kasar Portugal, E. Moniz ne ya kirkiro wannan dabarar lobotomy bayan ya koyi a taron kasa da kasa na biyu a shekarar 1935 cewa wasu masana kimiyyar Amurka guda biyu sun cire gaban gaban wani fusataccen chimpanzee wanda ya zama fili bayan wannan aikin. Hasashensa? Lobes na gaba, wanda ya zama dole don daidaitawar zamantakewa, yana damuwa a cikin mutanen da ke fama da ciwon hauka. Ta hanyar cire haɗin waɗannan lobes na gaba daga sauran kwakwalwa, mutum zai sami ingantacciyar daidaituwar zamantakewa. 

Ya yi lobotomy na farko a mafaka a Lisbon a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1935 a kan wata tsohuwar karuwa mai shekaru 63 wacce ta kasance mai ban tsoro kuma tana fama da raɗaɗi. Wannan dabara ta ba shi kyautar Nobel ta likitanci a 1949. 

A Amurka, an fara yin lobotomy na farko a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1936 ta wasu likitocin Amurkawa biyu na neuropsychiatrist. Sun haɓaka daidaitaccen dabarar lobotomy na prefrontal. A Faransa, an yi lobotomy bayan 1945. Wannan aikin tiyatar kwakwalwa ya bazu ko'ina cikin duniya bayan yakin duniya na biyu. An kiyasta cewa a cikin shekarun 1945-1955 mutane 100 a duniya sun yi amfani da lobotomy. 

Yaya ake yin lobotomy ko leukotomy? 

Bayan trepanation (yin ramuka a cikin jimlar cranium don fasahar Moniz), an raba lobes na gaba da sauran kwakwalwa ta amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, leukotome. 

Yaya ake yin lobotomy transorbital?

Ba'amurke Walter Freeman ya yi lobotomies na transorbital tare da titin karfe ko tsinkar kankara daga baya. Ana tura titin ƙarfe ko tsinken ƙanƙara ta cikin lobes na orbital (buɗaɗɗen ido) ɗaya bayan ɗaya, don shiga cikin kwakwalwa. Sa'an nan kuma ana juya kayan aiki a gefe don cire haɗin gwiwa daga lobe na gaba zuwa sauran kwakwalwa.  

Bayanin cewa waɗannan lobotomies da aka yi tare da tsinkar ƙanƙara an yi su ba tare da maganin sa barci ba ko kuma tare da ƙaramin sa barci (na gida ko venous amma mai rauni sosai) ko ma bayan zaman electroshock (wanda ya haifar da ƴan mintuna na rashin sani). 

An yi lobotomy a matsayin magani na "girgije" na tabin hankali kafin bayyanar magungunan neuroleptic. An lobotomized schizophrenics, matsananciyar tawayar tare da suicidal cuta, mutanen da fama da m-tilasta cuta (OCD), m psychosis, tashin hankali. An kuma yi lobotomy a cikin mutanen da ke fama da matsanancin ciwo mai jurewa magani. Eva Perón, matar shugaban Argentine Juan Perón, an yi amfani da shi a 1952 don rage zafi saboda ciwon daji na mahaifa. 

An yi lobotomies don manufar magance cututtukan hauka. A gaskiya ma, wannan dabara ta kashe 14% na marasa lafiya da aka sarrafa, kuma ta bar wasu da yawa tare da matsalolin magana, marasa gasa, har ma a cikin yanayin ciyayi da / ko nakasa har tsawon rayuwarsu. 'Yar'uwar JF Kennedy, Rosemary Kennedy, abin bakin ciki ne kuma sanannen misali. Lobotomized tana da shekara 23, sannan ta kasance ta naƙasa sosai kuma an sanya ta a wata cibiya a duk rayuwarta. 

An soki Lobotomy mai karfi tun cikin shekarun 1950, tare da likitocin suka yi tir da wani aiki na dabbanci kuma da ba za a iya jurewa ba. Rasha ta haramta shi daga shekarun 1950. 

Bayan gagarumar nasarar da aka samu a shekarun 1950, an yi watsi da lobotomy kusan da yawa bayan bayyanar neuroleptics (1952 a Faransa, 1956 a Amurka) da ci gaban electroshock, jiyya guda biyu, kuma gaba daya ya ɓace a cikin 1980s.