hazikin dan wasan piano wanda ya kasa zama mai halin kirki. hazikin marubuci wanda bai buga novel ko daya ba. Idealist da romantic, izgili da wit. Mawaƙin da ya iya zana da kiɗa da yin tonic da na biyar suna magana a cikin muryar mutum. Duk wannan shi ne Robert Schumann, babban mawaƙin Jamus kuma ƙwararren mai sukar kiɗa, majagaba na zamanin soyayya a cikin kiɗan Turai.
Yaro mai ban mamaki
A farkon karni, a farkon lokacin rani a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1810, an haifi ɗa na biyar a cikin iyalin mawaƙa August Schumann. Sunan yaron Robert kuma an tsara masa makoma, wanda zai kai ga samun wadataccen abinci da wadata. Ban da wallafe-wallafen, mahaifinsa ya tsunduma cikin buga littattafai kuma ya shirya dansa don irin wannan tafarki. Uwa ta yi mafarki a asirce cewa lauya zai girma daga ƙaramin Schumann.
Ayyukan Goethe da Byron sun ɗauke Robert da gaske, yana da salon gabatarwa mai daɗi da kuma kyauta wanda ya ba shi damar kwatanta halayen da suka bambanta da juna. Uban ma ya haɗa da labarin ɗalibin sakandare a cikin kundin sani da ya wallafa. Yanzu ana buga waɗannan abubuwan haɗin gwiwar yara a matsayin kari ga tarin labaran jarida na Robert Schumann.
Da yake yarda da burin mahaifiyarsa, Robert ya yi karatun lauya a Leipzig. Amma waƙar ta ƙara jawo hankalin matashin, ta yadda ya rage lokaci don yin wani abu.
An yi zaɓi
Wataƙila, cewa a cikin dubun-dubatar mazaunan ƙaramin garin Saxon na Zwickau ya zama ƙwararren ɗan adam Johann Kunsch, wanda ya zama jagora na farko na Schumann ɗan shekara shida, aikin Allah ne.
- 1819 Sa'ad da yake da shekaru 9, Robert ya ji wasan kwaikwayo na shahararren mawakin Bohemian da piano virtuoso Ignaz Moshales. Wannan wasan kwaikwayo ya zama mai yanke hukunci don zaɓin ƙarin hanyar yaron.
- 1820 Lokacin da yake da shekaru 10, Robert ya fara rubuta kiɗa don mawaƙa da makaɗa.
- 1828 Yana da shekaru 18, ɗa mai ƙauna ya cika burin mahaifiyarsa kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Leipzig, kuma bayan shekara guda a Jami'ar Gelderbeig, yana shirin kammala karatunsa na shari'a. Amma a nan gidan Wieck ya bayyana a rayuwar Schumann.
Friedrich Wieck yana ba da darussan piano. 'Yarsa Clara ’yar shekara takwas ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ce. Kudaden da ake samu daga wasannin kide-kide da wake-wakenta na baiwa mahaifinta damar gudanar da rayuwa mai dadi. Robert ya fada cikin soyayya sau ɗaya da duka tare da wannan yaron, amma yana canja wurin sha'awarsa zuwa kiɗa.
Yana mafarkin zama dan wasan piano na kide-kide, yana yin abubuwan da ba zai yiwu ba don wannan. Akwai shaidar cewa Schumann ya tsara nasa kwafin mai koyar da yatsa na pianist Dactylion (mai shahara kuma mai tsada). Ko dai babban ƙwazo a lokacin horo, ko kuma dystonia mai mahimmanci da aka samu a cikin masu pianists, ko guba tare da magunguna masu ɗauke da mercury, ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa fihirisa da yatsu na hannun dama sun daina aiki. Ya kasance rugujewar sana'ar mai wasan pian ne da kuma farkon sana'ar mawaƙa da masu sukar kiɗa.
- 1830 Schumann ya ɗauki darasi a cikin abun da ke ciki daga Heinrich Dorn (marubucin sanannen "Nibelungs" kuma shugaba na Leipzig Opera House).
- 1831 - 1840 Schumann ya rubuta kuma ya zama sananne a Jamus da kasashen waje: "Butterflies" (1831), "Carnival" (1834), "Davidsbündlers" (1837). Trilogy yana bayyana hangen nesa na mawaƙi na haɓaka fasahar kiɗan. Yawancin abubuwan kiɗa na wannan lokacin an yi su ne don wasan piano. Ƙaunar Clara Wieck ba ta gushewa.
- 1834 - fitowar farko ta "New Musical Newspaper". Robert Schumann shine wanda ya kafa wannan mujallar kiɗan ta gaye kuma mai tasiri. Anan ya ba da damar tunaninsa.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, likitocin masu tabin hankali sun kammala cewa Schumann ya ci gaba da rashin lafiya. Wasu mutane biyu sun kasance tare a cikin kwakwalwarsa, waɗanda suka sami murya a cikin sabuwar jarida a ƙarƙashin sunayen Eusebius da Floristan. Ɗayan soyayya ce, ɗayan kuma na baci. Wannan ba ƙarshen yaudarar Schumann ba ne. A shafuffukan mujallar, mawaƙin ya yi Allah wadai da ƙwazo da fasaha a madadin ƙungiyar da ba ta wanzuwa ta Brotherhood David (Davidsbündler), waɗanda suka haɗa da Chopin da Mendelssohn, Berlioz da Schubert, Paganini da, ba shakka, Clara Wieck.
A wannan shekara, 1834, da rare sake zagayowar "Carnival" da aka halitta. Wannan yanki na kiɗan hoto ne na hotunan waɗancan mawaƙa waɗanda Schumann ke ganin ci gaban fasaha a cikinsu, watau duk waɗanda, a ra'ayinsa, sun cancanci zama memba a cikin "Davidic Brotherhood". Anan, Robert kuma ya haɗa da haruffan almara daga zuciyarsa, duhun da rashin lafiya.
- 1834 - 1838 rubutaccen siphonic etudes, sonatas, "Fantasies"; har wa yau, shahararrun piano guda Fantastic Fragments, Scenes from Children (1938); cike da wasan soyayya don piano "Kreisleriana" (1838), bisa ga ƙaunataccen marubucin Schumann Hoffmann.
- 1838 Duk wannan lokacin, Robert Schumann yana kan iyakar iyawar tunani. Ƙaunataccen Clara yana da shekaru 18, amma mahaifinta yana adawa da aurensu (aure shine ƙarshen aikin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ke nufin ƙarshen samun kudin shiga). Mijin ya kasa tafiya Vienna. Yana fatan fadada da'irar masu karanta mujallu a cikin babban birnin opera kuma ya ci gaba da tsarawa. Baya ga sanannen "Kreisleriana", mawaki ya rubuta: "Vienna Carnival", "Humoresque", "Noveletta", "Fantasy in C Major". Lokaci ne mai albarka ga mawaƙa kuma bala'i ne ga edita. Takaddama ta Australiya na daular ba ta gane kwarin gwiwar tunanin sabon mai shigowa Saxon ba. Mujallar ta kasa bugawa.
- 1839 - 1843 ya koma Leipzig kuma ya yi sha'awar aure tare da Clara Josephine Wieck. Lokaci ne na farin ciki. Mawaƙin ya ƙirƙira kusan waƙoƙi 150 na waƙoƙi, na soyayya, na ban dariya, daga cikinsu akwai tatsuniyoyi na Jamusanci da aka sabunta kuma suna aiki akan ayoyin Heine, Byron, Goethe, Burns. Tsoron Friedrich Wieck bai faru ba: Klara ta ci gaba da ayyukanta na kide-kide duk da cewa ta zama uwa. Mijinta ya raka ta a tafiye-tafiye ya rubuta mata. A cikin 1843, Robert ya sami aikin koyarwa na dindindin a Leizipg Conservatory, wanda abokinsa ya kafa kuma mai sha'awar mutum, Felix Mendelssohn. A lokaci guda, Schumann ya fara rubuta Concerto na Piano da Orchestra (1941-1945);
- 1844 tafiya zuwa Rasha. Yawon shakatawa na Klara a St. Petersburg da Moscow. Schumann yana kishin matarsa don samun nasara tare da jama'a, bai sani ba tukuna cewa ra'ayoyinsa sun sami tushe mai karfi a cikin kiɗa na Rasha. Schumann ya zama wahayi ga mawaƙan The Mighty Handful. Ayyukansa sun yi tasiri sosai akan Balakirev da Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky da Borodin, Rachmaninov da Rubinstein.
- 1845 Clara tana ciyar da danginta kuma a hankali tana zamewa mijinta kuɗi don ya biya duka biyun. Schumann bai gamsu da wannan yanayin ba. Mutumin yana ƙoƙarin nemo hanyoyin samun kudin shiga. Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Dresden, zuwa babban gida. Ma'auratan sun haɗa tare kuma suna yin bi-biyu suna rubuta littafin tarihin. Clara tana yin kidan mijinta. Suna murna. Amma, ciwon hauka na Schumann ya fara tsananta. Yana jin muryoyin da ƙarar sauti mai ban sha'awa, kuma zato na farko ya bayyana. Iyali suna ƙara samun mawaki yana magana da kansa.
- 1850 Robert ya murmure daga rashin lafiyarsa har ya sami aiki a matsayin darektan kiɗa a Alte Theater a Düsseldorf. Ba ya so ya bar ɗakinsa mai kyau na Dresden, amma tunanin bukatar samun kuɗi ya zama ruwan dare.
- 1853 Yawon shakatawa mai nasara a Holland. Mawaƙin ya yi ƙoƙari ya sarrafa ƙungiyar makaɗa da mawaƙa, don gudanar da wasiƙun kasuwanci, amma "muryoyin da ke cikin kansa" suna ƙara dagewa, ƙwaƙwalwa yana fashewa da sauti mai ƙarfi, wanda ke haifar da ciwo maras iya jurewa. Ba a sabunta kwangilar gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba.
- 1854 A cikin watan Fabrairu, Robert Schumann, yana tserewa hallucinations, ya jefa kansa a cikin Rhine. An ceto shi, an fitar da shi daga cikin ruwan ƙanƙara kuma aka tura shi asibitin masu tabin hankali kusa da Bonn. Clara tana da ciki a lokacin, kuma likita ya ba ta shawarar kada ta ziyarci mijinta.
- 1856 mawaki ya mutu a asibiti, matarsa da manyan 'ya'yansa lokaci-lokaci suna ziyartar shi kafin mutuwarsa.
Schumann kusan bai rubuta a asibiti ba. Ya bar guntun da ba a gama ba don cello. Bayan ɗan gyara na Klara, an fara yin wasan kwaikwayo. Shekaru da yawa, mawaƙa sun koka game da sarƙaƙƙiyar maki. Tuni a cikin karni na ashirin Shostakovich ya yi wani tsari wanda ya sa aikin ya fi sauƙi ga masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. A ƙarshen ƙarni na ƙarshe, an gano bayanan tarihin cewa an rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na cello don violin.
Hanya mai wuyar samun farin ciki
Domin samun farin cikin iyali, ma’aurata sun yi sadaukarwa da yawa kuma su daina da yawa. Clara Josephine Wieck ya rabu da mahaifinta. Watsewarsu ya yi tsanani har ta shafe shekaru da yawa tana ƙarar neman izinin auren Robert Schumann.
Mafi farin ciki lokacin shine ɗan gajeren lokacin da aka kashe a Dresden. Schumann yana da yara takwas: mata hudu da maza hudu. Babban ‘ya’yan ya rasu yana da shekara daya. An haifi ƙarami kuma na ƙarshe a lokacin daɗaɗɗen rashin lafiyar mawaƙa. An ba shi suna Felix, bayan Mendelssohn. Matarsa ko da yaushe tana goyon bayan Schumann kuma a tsawon rayuwarta ta inganta aikinsa. Clara ta ba ta wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarshe na ayyukan piano na mijinta tana da shekara 74.
Dan na biyu, Ludwig, ya dauki nauyin mahaifinsa na rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu yana da shekaru 51 a asibitin masu tabin hankali. ’Ya’ya mata da ’ya’ya maza, masu tarbiyya da tarbiyya, ba su kusa da iyayensu. Yara uku sun mutu tun suna ƙanana: Julia (27), Ferdinand (42), Felix (25). Clara da babbar 'yarta Maria, wanda ya koma ga mahaifiyarta kuma ya kula da ita a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta, ya tayar da 'ya'yan Felix a ƙanana da 'ya ta uku, Julia.
Sunan mahaifi Robert Schumann
Ba ƙari ba ne a kira Robert Schumann ɗan juyin juya hali a duniyar kiɗan Tsohuwar Duniya. Shi ma kamar masu hazaka da dama, ya riga ya wuce zamaninsa kuma mutanen zamaninsa ba su fahimce shi ba.
Babban fifiko ga mawaƙi shine sanin waƙarsa. Yanzu, a cikin karni na XNUMXst, a wuraren kide-kide a makarantun kiɗa, mawaƙa suna yin "Sovenka" da "Miller" daga "Filayen Yara". Ana iya jin "mafarki" daga zagayowar guda ɗaya a raye-rayen tunawa. Matsala da ayyukan jin daɗi suna tattara cikakkun zauren masu sauraro.
An buga littattafan adabin Schumann da ayyukan jarida. Dukan galaxy na hazaka sun girma, waɗanda suka sami wahayi daga ayyukan mawaƙa. Wannan gajeriyar rayuwa ta kasance mai haske, farin ciki da cike da bala'i, kuma ta bar ta a kan al'adun duniya.
